Nyamjang Chu | |
---|---|
Location | |
Country | China; India |
Region/State | Shannan, Tibet; Arunachal Pradesh |
District | Cona County; Tawang district |
Cities/Circles | Qudromo, Jiba, Gongri, Marmang, Lai; Zemithang, Dudunghar |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Eastern Himalayas |
• location | Tsona County |
• coordinates | 28°25′47″N91°51′35″E / 28.4297°N 91.8596°E |
• elevation | 5,400 m (17,700 ft) |
Mouth | Tawang Chu |
• location | Lumla Circle |
• coordinates | 27°29′56″N91°41′06″E / 27.499°N 91.685°E Coordinates: 27°29′56″N91°41′06″E / 27.499°N 91.685°E |
• elevation | 1,040 m (3,410 ft) |
Length | 125 kilometres (78 mi) |
Basin size | 3,170 square kilometres (1,220 sq mi) [1] |
Discharge | |
• location | Zemithang |
• average | 3,400 cubic metres (120,000 cu ft) per second |
Basin features | |
Progression | Tawang Chu, Manas River |
River system | Brahmaputra |
Nyamjang Chu, [2] or Nyashang Chu [3] (Tibetan : ཉ་བཤང་ཆུ, Wylie : nya bshang chu, THL : nya shang chu) [4] [lower-alpha 1] is a cross-border perennial river that originates in the Shannan Prefecture of Tibet and flows into the Arunachal Pradesh state of India, joining the Tawang Chu river just before it enters Bhutan. The Nyamjang Chu valley has provided the traditional communication route between Tawang and Tibet. The valley near town of Zemithang in the Tawang district, called the Pangchen Valley, is known for its serene beauty and forms one of the wintering locations for the black-necked crane.
The China–India border in the valley has been contested between the two countries since the 1950s, resulting in a clash at Namka Chu in 1962 and a standoff at Sumdorong Chu in 1986.
The Nyamjang Chu river originates in the snow-clad peaks of the eastern Himalayas, north of Taga in the Chudromo township of the Tsona County, at an elevation of 5,400 m (17,700 ft). Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead, explored the region in 1913. They crossed into the valley of Nyamjang Chu from that of Nye Chu via the Hor La pass. They give the name of the village as Gyao, which appears to be an older name of Taga. The land at this elevation was only good for grazing. The shepherds lit sheep-dung fires around the campsites to protect their flocks from the wolves. [5] [6]
From this location, Nyamjang Chu flows southwards for about 85 kilometres (53 mi) in Tibet, [1] passing by several towns such as Chudromo, Dongkar, Gongri, Kyipa, Marmang and Le.
South of Le (also spelt Lei and Lai), the river enters India at a location called Khinzemane at an elevation of 2,220 m (7,280 ft). [1] [7] The stream of Sumdorong Chu from the left and the river of Namka Chu from the right join the river in this area. The border in this area has been disputed between India and China.
The course of the river in India is through a steep gorge lined by dense mixed forest. The valley widens near Zemithang, where it is called the Pangchen valley. The streams of Sumta Chu (from the right) and Taktsang Chu (from the left) join Nyamjang Chu in this valley. [8]
The river flows mostly southwards in India for 40 km and joins the west-flowing Tawang Chu near Lumla. After the confluence, Tawang Chu enters Bhutan within a short distance where it merges with Kulong Chu to form the Manas River, a major tributary of Brahmaputra. [1]
The Zemithang valley is one of the wintering locations for the black-necked crane, a vulnerable species of which only 4,000 are believed to be alive as of 1996. [9]
Tawang district is the smallest of the 16 administrative districts of Arunachal Pradesh state in northeastern India. With a population of 49,977, it is the eighth least populous district in the country.
Tawang is a town and administrative headquarter of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The town was once the capital of the Tawang Tract, which is now divided into the Tawang district and the West Kameng district. Tawang continues as the headquarters of the former.
The Friendship Highway is an 800-kilometre (500 mi) scenic route connecting the capital of Tibet, Lhasa, with the Chinese/Nepalese border at the Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge between Zhangmu and Kodari. It includes the westernmost part of China National Highway 318 (Shanghai-Zhangmu) and crosses three passes over 5,000 m (16,400 ft) before dropping to 1,750 m (5,700 ft) at the border.
Pasho County or Baxoi County is a county under the administration of Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The county seat is at Pema, which is also called the Pasho Town. The county population is 35,273 (1999). It contains the Pomda Monastery and Rakwa Tso lake.
Pome County or Bomê County is a county of Nyingchi Prefecture in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically known as Powo or Poyul, it was the seat of a quasi-independent kingdom until the early 20th century when troops of the Dalai Lama's Lhasa government integrated it into the central Tibetan realm. The population was 25,897 in 2004.
Lhünzê County, is a county of Shannan located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Part of Lhünzê County is claimed by India as part of Arunachal Pradesh, which is a disputed area between People's Republic of China and India.
Tingri County or Dhringgri County, is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Xigazê in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
Drongpa County or Zhongba County (Tibetan: འབྲོང་པ་རྫོང་, Wylie: `brong pa rdzong, THL: drong pa dzong, ZYPY: Zhongba Zong; Chinese: 仲巴县; pinyin: Zhōngbā Xiàn; lit. 'Place of Wild Yaks') is a county of Shigatse Prefecture in China's Tibet Autonomous Region. Located in the western part of Central Tibet, it is the birthplace of the Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra). The county seat is at Labrang, which is also called the Drongpa Town.
The Nyang River is a major river in south-west Tibet and the second largest tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River by discharge.
The Yarlung Tsangpo, also called Yarlung Zangbo is the upper stream of the Brahmaputra River located in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is the longest river of Tibet and the fifth longest in China. The upper section is also called Dangque Zangbu meaning "Horse River."
The Yarlung Valley is formed by Yarlung Chu, a tributary of the Tsangpo River in the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet region of China. It refers especially to the district where Yarlung Chu joins with the Chongye River, and broadens out into a large plain about 2 km wide, before it flows into the Tsangpo River. It is situated in Nedong District of the Shannan Prefecture and includes the capital of the prefecture, Tsetang, one of Tibet's largest cities, 183 km southeast of Lhasa.
The Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the middle to upper elevations of the eastern Himalayas and southeast Tibetan Plateau. The ecoregion occurs in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region, China, in northern and eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India, and extreme eastern Bhutan.
The Subansiri River is a trans-Himalayan river and a tributary of the Brahmaputra River that flows through Tibet's Lhünzê County, Shannan Prefecture and the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The Subansiri is 442 kilometres (275 mi) long, with a drainage basin 32,640 square kilometres (12,600 sq mi). It is the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra contributing 7.92% of the Brahmaputra's total flow.
Milakatong La or Menlakathong La is a historic mountain pass along the trade route between Tawang in India's Arunachal Pradesh and Tsona Dzong in Tibet's Shannan province via the valley of Tsona Chu.
The Bailey–Morshead exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge was an unauthorised expedition by Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead in 1913 which for the first time established the definite route by which the Tsangpo River reaches the sea from north of Himalaya, through the Tsangpo Gorge.
Sumdorong Chu, referred to as Sangduoluo He in the Chinese media, is a tributary of the Nyamjang Chu river that flows along the disputed Sino-Indian border between the Cona County of Tibet and the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. It originates in the Tokpo Shiri Glacier, about 7–10 kilometres east of Nyamjang Chu, and flows down to the river. Its junction with Nyamjang Chu is to the north of that of Namka Chu, another contested river valley, by about two kilometers.
Namka Chu or Kejielang River is a tributary of Nyamjang Chu that flows along the disputed border between India and China. The Indian side of the border is the Tawang district in Arunachal Pradesh. The Tibetan side of the border is in Tsona Dzong, Shannan province of Tibet. Namka Chu originates near the trijunction of Tibet, Bhutan and India and flows east for 26 km before joining Nyamjang Chu. It is about 200 kilometers away from the Misamari railhead and 60 kilometers from the Tawang road head. The Namka Chu valley was the scene of some of the most fierce fighting between India and China during the 1962 Sino-Indian war.
Tawang Chu is the main river of the Tawang district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. The entire district may be regarded as the basin of the Tawang Chu river. In addition, two south-flowing rivers from Tibet, viz., Tsona Chu and Nyamjang Chu, join the river within the district. The combined river flows west into Bhutan, where it progresses to the Manas River and flows into the Assam state of India.
Zemithang or Zimithang, also called Pangchen, is a village and the headquarters of an eponymous circle in the Tawang district of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is on the bank of the Nyamjang Chu river, which originates in Tibet and enters India from the north near the locality called Khinzemane.
Chumi Gyatse Falls (Tibetan: ཆུ་མིག་བརྒྱ་རྩ, Wylie: chu mig brgya rtsa, THL: chu mik gya tsa), also referred to as the "Holy Waterfalls", are a collection of 108 waterfalls in the district of Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. According to the local Buddhist tradition, the 108 holly water falls which originate from in-between the mountains symbolise the blessings of Guru Padmasambhava. The Chumi Gyatse Falls are close to the Line of Actual Control, the de facto border between China and India, just 250 metres away according to one account. The region around the falls is scenic and full of pine trees, different species of Rhodendron, Azaela etc.