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According to the Book of Genesis, Hagar was an Egyptian slave, a handmaiden of Sarah, whom Sarah gave to her own husband Abram as a wife to bear him a child. Abraham's firstborn son, through Hagar, Ishmael, became the progenitor of the Ishmaelites, generally taken to be the Arabs. Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites, perhaps claiming her as their eponymous ancestor. Hagar is alluded to, although not named, in the Quran, and Islam considers her Abraham's second wife.
Keturah was a wife and a concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.
Womanism is a social theory based on the history and everyday experiences of black women. It seeks, according to womanist scholar Layli Maparyan (Phillips), to "restore the balance between people and the environment/nature and reconcil[e] human life with the spiritual dimension". Writer Alice Walker coined the term "womanist" in a short story, Coming Apart, in 1979. Since Walker's initial use, the term has evolved to envelop a spectrum of varied perspectives on the issues facing black women.
Jezebel was the daughter of Ithobaal I of Tyre and the wife of Ahab, King of Israel, according to the Book of Kings of the Hebrew Bible.
Womanist theology is a methodological approach to theology which centers the experience and perspectives of Black women, particularly African-American women. The first generation of womanist theologians and ethicists began writing in the mid to late 1980s, and the field has since expanded significantly. The term has its roots in Alice Walker's writings on womanism. "Womanist theology" was first used in an article in 1987 by Delores S. Williams. Within Christian theological discourse, Womanist theology emerged as a corrective to early feminist theology written by white feminists that did not address the impact of race on women's lives, or take into account the realities faced by Black women within the United States. Similarly, womanist theologians highlighted the ways in which Black theology, written predominantly by male theologians, failed to consider the perspectives and insights of Black women. Scholars who espouse womanist theology are not monolithic nor do they adopt each aspect of Walker's definition. Yet, these scholars often find kinship in their anti-sexist, antiracist and anti-classist commitments to feminist and liberation theologies.
Women as theological figures have played a significant role in the development of various religions and religious hierarchies.
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza is a Romanian-born German, Roman Catholic feminist theologian, who is currently the Krister Stendahl Research Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School.
Katie Geneva Cannon was an American Christian theologian and ethicist associated with womanist theology and black theology. In 1974 she became the first African-American woman ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA).
Jarena Lee was the first woman preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). Born into a free Black family, in New Jersey, Lee asked the founder of the AME church, Richard Allen, to be a preacher. Although Allen initially refused, after hearing her preach in 1819, Allen approved her preaching ministry. A leader in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement, Lee preached the doctrine of entire sanctification as an itinerant pastor throughout the pulpits of the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. In 1836, Lee became the first African American woman to publish her autobiography.
Letty Mandeville Russell was a feminist theologian, professor, and prolific author. She was a member of the first class of women admitted to Harvard Divinity School, and one of the first women ordained in the United Presbyterian Church. After earning a doctorate in theology at Union Theological Seminary, she joined the faculty at Yale Divinity School, where she taught for 28 years.
Phyllis Trible is a feminist biblical scholar from Richmond, Virginia, United States. Trible's scholarship focuses on the Hebrew Bible and she is noted for her prominent influence on feminist biblical interpretation. Trible has written a multitude of books on interpretation of the Hebrew Bible, and has lectured around the world, including the United States, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Canada, and a number of countries in Europe.
Delores Seneva Williams was an American Presbyterian theologian and professor notable for her formative role in the development of womanist theology and best known for her book Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk. Her writings use black women's experiences as epistemological sources, and she is known for her womanist critique of atonement theories. As opposed to feminist theology, predominantly practiced by white women, and black theology, predominantly practiced by black men, Williams argued that black women's experiences generate critical theological insights and questions.
Jo Ann Hackett is an American scholar of the Hebrew Bible and of Biblical Hebrew and other ancient Northwest Semitic languages such as Phoenician, Punic, and Aramaic.
Renita J. Weems is an ordained minister, a Hebrew Bible scholar, and an author. in 1989 she received a Ph.D. in Old Testament/Hebrew Bible studies from Princeton Theological Seminary making her the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the field. Her work in womanist biblical interpretation is frequently cited in feminist theology and womanist theology. She is credited with developing theology and ethics as a field.
Elsa Támez is a Mexican liberation theologian and biblical scholar. Her writings on feminist theology and contextual biblical criticisms brought new perspectives to these fields of study, laying the foundation for later scholars. Her books include Bible of the Oppressed, The Amnesty of Grace, and Struggles for Power in Early Christianity: A Study of the First Letter of Timothy (2007). She is Professor Emerita at the Universidad Biblica Latinamericana in Costa Rica. She was appointed president of Universidad Biblica Latinamericana in 1995, becoming their first woman president.
Mitzi J. Smith is an American biblical scholar who is J. Davison Philips Professor of New Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary. She is the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in New Testament from Harvard. She has written extensively in the field of womanist biblical hermeneutics, particularly on the intersection between race, gender, class, and biblical studies. She considers her work a form of social justice activism that brings attention to unequal treatment of marginalized groups.
Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan is an African-American womanist theologian, professor, author, poet, and an elder in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. She is Professor-Emerita of Religion and Women's Studies and Director of Women's Studies at Shaw University Divinity School. She is the author or editor of numerous books, including the volume Women and Christianity in a series on Women and Religion in the World, published by Praeger.
Wilda C. Gafney, also known as Wil Gafney, is an American biblical scholar and Episcopal priest who is the Right Rev. Sam B. Hulsey Professor of Hebrew Bible at Brite Divinity School of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. She is specialist in womanist biblical interpretation, and topics including gender and race.
Sarojini Nadar is a South African theologian and biblical scholar who is the Desmond Tutu Research Chair in Religion and Social Justice at the University of the Western Cape.
African American biblical hermeneutics or African American biblical interpretation is the study of the interpretation of the Christian Bible, informed by African American history and experiences.
References
- 1 2 Lankenau, Alexandra (April 17, 2019). "Biblical Scholar Nyasha Junior Visits Meredith". Meredith College . Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Interview: Nyasha Junior". Women Biblical Scholars. August 29, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Nyasha Junior". hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Faculty | College of Liberal Arts". liberalarts.temple.edu. February 17, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Junior, Nyasha (2019). Reimagining Hagar: Blackness and Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874532-7.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ "Nyasha Junior". wsrp.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ "A simple classroom change to make trans students feel at home (essay) | Inside Higher Ed". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ Bond, Sarah E. (May 11, 2018). "Blog: What Is "The West"? Addressing The Controversy Over HUM110 at Reed College". Society for Classical Studies. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ Smith, Mitzi J. (2015). I Found God in Me: A Womanist Biblical Hermeneutics Reader. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-62564-745-0. OCLC 951222454.
- ↑ Koosed, Jennifer L. (2017), "Moses, Feminism, and the Male Subject", in Sherwood, Yvonne (ed.), The Bible and feminism: Remapping the field (First ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, p. 228, ISBN 978-0-19-872261-8, OCLC 986824714
- ↑ Brown, A. Lauren; deClaissé-Walford, Nancy L. (February 2017). "Book Review: Nyasha Junior. An Introduction to Womanist Biblical Interpretation". Review & Expositor. 114 (1): 127–128. doi:10.1177/0034637316689562g. S2CID 152223385.
- ↑ "Why I'm reading Nyasha Junior". The Christian Century. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ Lovelace, Vanessa (2017). "An Introduction to Womanist Biblical Interpretation by Nyasha Junior (review)". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 79 (4): 684–685. doi:10.1353/cbq.2017.0086. S2CID 171709641. Project MUSE 718585.
- ↑ Schipper, Jeremy; Junior, Nyasha (2020). Black Samson: The Untold Story of an American Icon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-068979-7. OCLC 1137178467.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ "AJR Conversations | Reimagining Hagar". ANCIENT JEW REVIEW. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- 1 2 Schipper, Jeremy; Junior, Nyasha (2020). Black Samson: The Untold Story of an American Icon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-068978-0.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Moss, Candida (July 19, 2020). "The Complex and Fascinating History of Black Samson". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ↑ "Game of Queens: A Novel of Vashti and Esther | Washington Independent Review of Books". www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ Junior, Nyasha. "Patricia Arquette's remarks explain why some black women don't call themselves feminists". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Conversation with Keri Day by Nyasha Junior |". June 21, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Marla Frederick on Race, Gender, Religious Broadcasting and Social Media |". April 26, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ↑ Junior, Nyasha (January 6, 2020). "The Story of the Black King Among the Magi". Hyperallergic. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Jezebel Isn't Who You Think She Is". Dame Magazine. November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Remembering Cain Hope Felder, Scholar Who Highlighted the Bible's African Presence | Religion & Politics". November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Black Church Taught Me How To Be Black". BuzzFeed News. June 23, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2020.