Ocean was an English merchant ship and whaler built in 1794 at South Shields, England. She performed two voyages as an "extra" ship for the British East India Company (EIC) and later, in 1803, she accompanied HMS Calcutta to Port Phillip. The vessels supported the establishment of a settlement under the leadership of Lt Col David Collins. Calcutta transported convicts, with Ocean serving to transport supplies. When the settlers abandoned Port Phillip, Ocean, in two journeys, relocated the settlers, convicts and marines to the River Derwent (Hobart Town) in 1804.[5]
Originally, Ocean was to be a whaler owned by the newly operating South Sea fishers, Thomas and Edward Hurrys, who were bankrupt by 1806.[8] However, apparently Ocean spent 1794–95 in the Baltic timber trade.[3]
East India Company
Ocean made two trips to Bengal as an "extra" ship for the EIC. That is, the EIC chartered her on a per-voyage basis, rather than having her on long-term contract; extra ships were usually smaller than the regular East Indiaman. The French Revolutionary Wars having started, she sailed under letters of marque for both voyages.
EIC voyage #1 (1796–1798)
The first letter was issued on 22 January 1796 and gave her captain's name as John Bowen.[4] Under Bowen (or Bower), she left Gravesend on 17 February 1796 and was at Portsmouth on 12 March. She was at Cowes on 30 March, where she took on board men from the 28th Light Dragoons. She then joined a convoy for the Cape of Good Hope on 11 April. The convoy included another Ocean, this one an East Indiaman, and much larger. On 10 September the brig Ocean was at Simon's Bay. On 28 November she was at Diamond Harbour and by 30 December she was at Calcutta. She left Diamond Harbour on 10 January 1797. Ocean was at Kedgeree on 19 March. She left Bengal on 27 March 1797 with a cargo of sugar and in a convoy escorted by the frigate HMSFox. She reached Trincomalee on 24 April, Simon's Bay on 7 July, and the Cape on 11 July, a storm having dispersed the convoy and despite having sprung leaks that had kept the crew at the pumps from 26 May on. She sailed from the Cape on 26 August as part of a convoy of 16 East Indiamen and six British warships, reaching Saint Helena on 11 September. Ocean reached the Downs on 14 December, Gravesend, Kent on 18 December, and finished unloading at Deptford on 19 January 1798.[9][10]
EIC voyage #2 (1798–1800)
In 1798 she was repaired by Fletcher. She received her second letter of marque on 30 July 1798. That letter gave her captain's name as Robert Abbon Mash.[4] On 4 October 1798 she sailed for Bengal. She reached the Cape of Good Hope on 14 January 1799, Madras on 9 May, Coringa on 16 June and Calcutta on 17 July. On the return leg she was at Diamond Harbour on 25 September, and Kedgeree by 23 October. By 26 January 1800 Ocean was at Saint Helena, and reached the Downs on 30 May.[1] She returned to her moorings in Britain on 1 June.[11]
Transport to Australia
Further informationon the 1803 British settlement at Sullivan Bay, Port Phillip: History of Victoria
The British Government chartered Ocean from Messrs Hurry & Co as a supply ship for the journey from Portsmouth to Port Phillip. On the voyage to Port Phillip, she carried 100 people along with supplies needed for the settlement at Port Phillip. The people on Ocean included Captain John Mertho, nine officers, 26 seamen, eight civil officers including George Harris (a surveyor), and Adolarius Humphrey,[12] a mineralogist, and a group of free settlers. Many of the free settlers had skills that would be of value to the new settlement – five were carpenters, two seamen, two millers, a whitesmith (works with white or light coloured metals such as tin or pewter), a stonemason, gardener, painter, schoolteacher, pocketbook maker (maker of wallets and covered notebooks) and two servants.[6]
Ocean and Calcutta left Portsmouth on 27 April 1803 and reached Santa Cruz on the Island of Tenerife, part of the Canary Islands on 17 May 1803. Both ships sailed from Tenerife on 21 May and arrived at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 29 June.[6] While in Rio, Captain Woodriff of Calcutta sent five marines under Lieutenant Sladden to help maintain order on Ocean for the rest of the voyage. According to Reverend Robert Knopwood's journals, ‘Mr. Hartley, a settler had behaved badly’ – and it seemed there was little love lost between some of the free settlers and Captain Mertho. They apparently regarded him as a tyrant, while he thought they were intractable.[6][13][14]
At Rio de Janeiro, seven sailors deserted Calcutta. Portuguese soldiers captured three of them and returned them to her, receiving a reward of £6 per sailor. While the ships were at berth, maintenance work was carried out on both ships and fresh provisions were taken on board for the next leg of the journey. Cloths were washed; repairs and adjustments made to the rigging of both ships and supplies of water were replenished. The fresh provisions included 36 turkeys, 13 dozen capons (roosters) and fowls, 68 very large ducks 4 geese, 13 pigs, and a large quantity of fruit and vegetables. Both Ocean and Calcutta left Rio on 19 July 1803.[6]
Ocean, the slower of the two ships, was directed to sail direct to Port Phillip if she lost contact with Calcutta. The ships did lose contact so Ocean did not put in at Cape Town, arriving at Port Phillip on 7 October.[6] At Cape Town two more sailors deserted Calcutta. One was captured and returned.[6]
After leaving Rio, Ocean sailed through the Southern Atlantic and into the Indian Ocean. She experienced frightening weather conditions for 77 days. Twenty days out of Rio, George Harris recorded that ‘for many days we could not sit at table but were obliges to hold fast by boxes and on the floor and all our crockery were almost broken to pieces, besides many seas into the cabin and living in the state of darkness from the cabin windows being stopped up by the deadlights … I was never so melancholy in my life before’.[6] In such conditions work on deck was extremely dangerous. On 9 August John Bowers fell overboard and was lost.[6]Ocean finally sighted land on before sighting land on course and off Port Phillip on 5 October; she was on course and off Port Phillip.
Ocean and Calcutta established the first settlement at Port Phillip in 1803 under the leadership of Lt Col David Collins.[15]
While at Port Phillip, a number of convicts escaped. According to Rev. Robert Knopwood's journal, six convicts escaped from Sorrento on the evening of 27 December 1803. The settlement was in the process of closing down at the time, HMS Calcutta had already sailed for Port Jackson in New South Wales and Ocean was preparing to sail for Van Diemen's Land. The escaping convicts cut loose a boat from Ocean and succeed in getting to shore, where two were recaptured, one of whom, Charles Shaw, was shot and seriously wounded. The escapees intended to head north to Sydney, so they followed the bay to the mouth of the Yarra River, but there their scarce provisions ran out. They then tried heading inland for a way but before long the party separated. One, Daniel M'Allender, headed back to Sorrento and arrived in time to be taken on board Ocean. William Buckley decided to return to the beach alone and continued to follow the bay round to the opposite head in the hope of seeing and signalling to Ocean, but by this time it had left. Buckley lived with the aborigines in the area for 32 years and was next seen in 1835. Buckley's improbable survival is believed by many Australians to be the source of the vernacular phrase "Buckley's chance" (or simply Buckley's), which means "no chance", or "it's as good as impossible".[16]
When this settlement was abandoned, Ocean, in two journeys, relocated the settlers, convicts, and marines to the River Derwent (Hobart Town) in 1804.[5] She was there on 26 August when Alexander was also there gathering whale oil from the "black whale".
Accounts record that Ocean fired a salute of 11 guns on the establishment of the settlement at Hobart.[17]
EIC service again
Ocean was released from service with His Majesty's government after moving Collins's settlers to Hobart. She sailed to Port Jackson and was there by 26 August 1804. At Port Jackson she took on fresh provisions.
On 24 October 1804 she sailed to New Zealand to engage in whaling.[18][19]
She then sailed to Canton to China to pick up cargo. On her journey to China, Ocean sailed to the phosphate-rich Micronesian island of Banaba.
Captain John Mertho and Ocean are sometimes credited with the official European discovery of Banaba. [20][21] Most sources credit the discovery to Captain Jared Gardner of the American vessel Diana on 3 January 1801.[22]
From Banaba Ocean sailed on to the Marshall Islands in November. By 20 December Ocean was at Whampoa. A month later, on 24 January 1805, she was at Macao. Another month saw her at Malacca on 25 February. She reached Saint Helena on 1 July and The Downs on 16 September.[23]
Lloyd's Register
In 1806 Hurry & Co. sold Ocean to a "Bousfield". She continued to trade as a London transport. She was last listed in 1823. She appears rarely in the Register of Shipping, the last time in 1821.
The voyage to Australia is well documented in a number of sources.[14]
Convicts and passengers known to have travelled on Ocean
Samuel Lightfoot had arrived as a convict on the first fleet. He then received one of the first grants for land on the lower north shore of Port Jackson in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, Sydney. Shortly after the expiration of his sentence, he returned to England, where he petitioned to be allowed to return with his wife, though she appears not to have sailed. Lightfoot subsequently returned to Australia and then traveled on the Ocean from Port Phillip, arriving in Tasmania in 1804. The Lieutenant-Governor of the new settlement at Port Phillip, David Collins subsequently appointed Lightfoot supervisor of the hospital in Hobart Town. Lightfoot died in 1818 aged 65.[24][25]
George Smith was a 22-year-old marine from the 62nd Company of Marines, Portsmouth Division. He had been born in Solihull, Warwickshire and his occupation was given as a butcher by trade. He was one of the marines who accompanied their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Collins, aboard Ocean to Port Phillip. He married Grace Morrisby, eldest daughter of James and Ann, in 1810 – their children were all born at Clarence Plains.[26]
George Prideaux Harris was a Surveyor (Civil Official) and spent his early years at Exeter in Devon. In 1803 he was appointed deputy surveyor to David Collins and travelled to Port Phillip on Ocean. Soon after the Calcutta arrived, Harris along with Lieutenant James Tuckey, William Collins and William Gammon set out in the Calcutta's launch on a more detailed study of the area. They returned ten days later having travelled around Port Phillip.[6]
Leonard Fosbrook[27] was a public servant appointed to the Collins expedition in 1803 at the last minute. He left England before instructions or a formal commission for his office as the Deputy Commissary could be issued. Still, he took charge of all government stores at Collins Settlement at Port Phillip. When David Collins moved the settlement to Van Diemen's Land, Fosbrook pitched his marquee on Hunter's Island, which became the site of the original commissariat store. For some years Fosbrook carried out his duties to Collins's entire satisfaction, but around August 1809 he resigned his office after a disagreement with the lieutenant-governor. The position of Deputy Commissary then went to George Harris. In April 1810 Fosbrook travelled to Sydney with the news of Governor David Collins's death. While there he successfully sought reinstatement as Deputy Commissary at Hobart Town. He was for a short time also appointed magistrate and first treasurer of the police fund.[6]
Matthew Bowden[28] was a surgeon in the Royal Lancashire Regiment. In January 1803 he was commissioned as a civil assistant surgeon to accompany Lieutenant-Governor David Collins and his expedition to Port Phillip. When David Collins moved the settlement to Van Diemen's Land, Bowden was one of the first ashore, landing at Frederick Henry Bay on 12 February 1804. Bowden played a prominent role at Hobart attending to the sick. He was granted 100 acres (40ha) of land at Humphrey's Rivulet in August 1804 where he had a vegetable garden and crops, and began to acquire livestock. Bowden attended Governor David Collins at his death in March 1810, then became first assistant surgeon of the civil medical establishment in Hobart. In October 1810 Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted him an additional 500 acres (200ha) of land on the Derwent River. Bowden's sudden death on 23 October 1814 shocked the whole community of Hobart.[6]
Thomas Clark[29] was 47 years old when he was appointed agricultural superintendent to sail with Lieutenant-Governor David Collins on the supply ship Ocean on 24 April 1803 for Port Phillip. After Collins decided to abandon Port Phillip and move the settlement to Van Diemens Land, Clark, then in charge of the convicts, supervised the reloading of stores onto Ocean. In August 1804 Clark was put in charge of the government farm at New Town, where the colony's stock had been sent. In October 1807 Clark took up residence in the main settlement at Hobart Town as storekeeper. He was still in government employment when, with J. Barnes, he printed in 1810 Tasmania's first newspaper, the Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligencer. This was a government journal edited by George Harris. Thomas Clark was granted 100 acres (40ha) of land, which he finally located at Campania. He was appointed superintendent of convicts once more, but resigned in 1812. Clark died in December 1828, his death not being recorded in the press.[6]
John Blinkworth had previously been a convict at Port Jackson. He returned to England and was now on Ocean as a free settler returning to be united with his de facto wife, Elizabeth Cummings. They were formally married in Hobart in 1804.
Richard Pitt: Richard Pitt was born on 3 March 1765 at Tiverton, Devon, England. He married Jane Tanner, also of Tiverton, and they had four children. In 1803 Pitt boarded Ocean as a free settler, together with one daughter, Salome, and two sons, Phillip and Francis. Pitt's wife and eldest son stayed in England. Pitt was made constable in Van Diemen's Land and in December 1804 was granted 100 acres (40ha) of land at Stainsforth's Cove (New Town). He grew wheat and barley, built up herds of sheep and pigs, and by 1809 he and his children were no longer relying on the government for support. He leased grazing land at the Green Ponds (Kempton) district, where his children also located grants. Pitt retained his farming interests, but gave increasing attention to official duties as district constable at New Town. On 14 February 1818 Pitt was appointed chief constable for Hobart Town. Pitt seized the opportunity of his new standing to ask for a free passage to the colony for his wife. Governor Macquarie sent the request to London, but Mrs Pitt declined the opportunity. Richard Pitt was one of the most respectable colonists. He remained chief constable until his death at Hobart on 14 May 1826. The three children who came with him on Ocean all settled in Van Diemen's Land.[6]
William and Elizabeth Cockerill migrated for green grass, together with their children William, Arabella and Ann. He became a successful farmer.[6]
John Hartley, his wife Hezekiah and son Joseph, migrated on Ocean as free settlers in 1803 and then at some stage travelled to Port Jackson in New South Wales. They returned to England from Port Jackson and then migrated again to Port Jackson in 1809. The family then returned to England in 1813.[6]
Anthony Fletcher and his wife Sarah were terribly unfortunate in that they lost two babies. One died in May 1803 while Ocean was at berth in Tenerife. Then, while Ocean was at berth in Rio de Janeiro, Sarah gave birth to a baby girl on 5 July. This little baby died at Port Phillip Heads in October 1803, just one day before arriving at Port Phillip.[6]
John Pascoe Fawkner' manuscript reminiscences, held in the collection of his papers in the La Trobe Library, were published for the first time to mark the centenary of his death on 4 September 1869.[30]
Joseph Potaski was a convict on both the Ocean and Calcutta; his wife Catherine and son Joseph also came out with him as free settlers. Potaski was the first Polish Jew to arrive in Australia. Catherine gave birth to a daughter, Catherine jnr. when the Ocean berthed at Risdon Cove, thus making Catherine the first European to be born and baptised in Van Diemen's Land.[31]
Notes
↑ J. Martha is almost certainly a misreading or transcription for John Mertoo.
↑ Purcell, Marie (1987) By Degrees: a story of the Potaski/McDonald family 1802–1987.
Related Research Articles
Van Diemen's Land was the colonial name of the island of Tasmania used by the British during the European exploration and colonisation of Australia in the 19th century. The island was previously discovered and named by the Dutch in 1642. Explorer Abel Tasman discovered the island, working under the sponsorship of Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. The British retained the name when they established a settlement in 1803 before it became a separate colony in 1825. Its penal colonies became notorious destinations for the transportation of convicts due to the harsh environment, isolation and reputation for being inescapable.
This article describes the history of the Australian state of Victoria.
Risdon Cove is a cove located on the east bank of the Derwent River, approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Hobart, Tasmania. It was the site of the first British settlement in Van Diemen's Land, now Tasmania, the island state of Australia. The cove was named by John Hayes, who mapped the river in the ship Duke of Clarence in 1794, after his second officer William Bellamy Risdon.
John Pascoe Fawkner was an early Australian pioneer, businessman and politician of Melbourne, Australia. In 1835 he financed a party of free settlers from Van Diemen's Land, to sail to the mainland in his ship, Enterprize. Fawkner's party sailed to Port Phillip and up the Yarra River to found a settlement which became the city of Melbourne.
Colonel David Collins was a British Marine officer who was appointed as Judge-Advocate to the new colony being established in Botany Bay. He sailed with Governor Arthur Phillip on the First Fleet to establish a penal colony at what is now Sydney. He became secretary to the first couple of Governors, later being appointed to start a secondary colony where he founded the city of Hobart as the founding Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land.
His Majesty's Armed Survey Vessel Lady Nelson was commissioned in 1799 to survey the coast of Australia. At the time large parts of the Australian coast were unmapped and Britain had claimed only part of the continent. The British Government were concerned that, in the event of settlers of another European power becoming established in Australia, any future conflict in Europe would lead to a widening of the conflict into the southern hemisphere to the detriment of the trade that Britain sought to develop. It was against this background that Lady Nelson was chosen to survey and establish sovereignty over strategic parts of the continent.
Between 1788 and 1868 the British penal system transported about 162,000 convicts from Great Britain and Ireland to various penal colonies in Australia.
The modern history of the Australian city of Hobart in Tasmania dates to its foundation as a British colony in 1804. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied definitively for at least 8,000 years, and possibly for as long as 35,000 years, by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuenonne, or South-East tribe. The descendants of theses indigenous Tasmanians now refer to themselves as 'Palawa'. Little is known about the region from prehistoric times. As with many other Australia cities, urbanisation has destroyed much of the archaeological evidence of indigenous occupation, although aboriginal middens are often still present in coastal areas.
The following lists events that happened during 1803 in Australia.
Sullivan Bay lies 60 km (37 mi) due south of Melbourne on Port Phillip, one kilometre (0.6 mi) east of Sorrento, Victoria. It was established as a short-lived convict settlement in 1803 by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins, who named the bay after the Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, John Sullivan.
Rear-Admiral John Bowen was an English Royal Navy officer and colonial administrator, who led the first settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove.
HMCS Integrity was a cutter built by the Colonial Government of New South Wales in 1804. She was the first vessel ever launched from a New South Wales dockyard and carried goods between the colony's coastal settlements of Norfolk Island, Newcastle, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Port Jackson. In 1804 she took part in a series of voyages to Van Diemen's Land with the aim of founding a colony at Port Dalrymple, the site of the modern settlement of George Town, Tasmania.
HMS Calcutta was the East Indiaman Warley, converted to a Royal Navy 56-gun fourth rate. This ship of the line served for a time as an armed transport. She also transported convicts to Australia in a voyage that became a circumnavigation of the world. The French 74-gun Magnanime captured Calcutta in 1805. In 1809, after she ran aground during the Battle of the Basque Roads and her crew had abandoned her, a British boarding party burned her.
Joseph Potaski, or John Potaskie, was the first Pole to settle in Australia, and one of the first convicts to arrive in Van Diemen's Land on Ocean. Joseph Potaski worked hard to establish himself as a successful farmer in colonial Hobart. This was, however, undone by the exploits of his family. Joseph Potaski reflects the attitudes of those convicts who never progressed beyond their criminal past. Potaski is seen as representing the auspicious beginning of the Polish community in Australia.
Francis was a 41 tons (bm) colonial schooner that was partially constructed at the Deptford Dockyard, England, and sent in frame aboard the Pitt to Australia to be put together for the purposes of exploration. The vessel had originally been designed for George Vancouver’s discovery voyage of the west coast of North America.
Albion was a full-rigged whaler built at Deptford, England, and launched in 1798. She made five whaling voyages to the seas around New South Wales and New Zealand. The government chartered her in 1803 to transport stores and cattle, to Risdon Cove on the River Derwent, Tasmania.
Captain Daniel Woodriff was a British Royal Navy officer and navigator in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. He made two voyages to Australia. He was Naval Agent on the convict transport Kitty in 1792 and, in 1803, the captain of HMS Calcutta for David Collins' expedition to found a settlement in Port Phillip.
Richard Pitt (1765–1826) was an early settler and constable in Tasmania. He migrated to Australia in 1803 on Ocean, one of two ships that founded a short-lived settlement in Port Phillip. The Port Phillip settlement was abandoned in early 1804, and relocated to Hobart. Pitt was made constable in Van Diemen's Land, and in December 1804, was granted 100 acres (40 ha) of land at Stainsforth's Cove. Pitt retained his farming interests, but paid more attention to his official duties as district constable at New Town.
Ruby was launched at Calcutta, probably in 1800 but possibly in 1797. She participated in the expedition to the Red Sea and made one voyage for the British East India Company. Although she took on British Registry, she probably sailed only in Indian waters and to Australia. She made one voyage in 1811 transporting three convicts to Port Jackson, and then transferring 80 convicts from there to Van Diemen's Land. She was probably lost in 1813, but possibly in 1818 or 1820.
Princess Charlotte was a ship launched in Sunderland in 1813. She immediately started trading with the Indian Ocean and India under a license from the British East India Company (EIC). She made one voyage for the EIC, and she made two voyages transporting convicts to Australia, one to Hobart Town, Van Diemen's Land, and one to Port Jackson, New South Wales. She foundered in 1828 in the Bay of Bengal.
Clayton, Jane M (2014). Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775–1815: An alphabetical list of ships. Berforts Group. ISBN9781908616524.
Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN0-905617-96-7.
Hardy, Charles and Horatio Charles Hardy (1811) A register of ships, employed in the service of the Honorable the United East India Company, from the year 1760 to 1810: with an appendix, containing a variety of particulars, and useful information interesting to those concerned with East India commerce. (London: Black, Parry, and Kingsbury).
Walters, Samuel & C. Northcote Parkinson (1949) Samuel Walters, Lieutenant R.N.:His Memoirs. (Liverpool University Press).
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