Older prisoners

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The term older prisoners is used by the U.S. Department of Justice and/or state departments for corrections when referring to individuals that are 50 years of age and older. Conventionally, individuals are not usually classified as having reached old age until they reach the age of 65, but correctional facilities recognize individuals age 50 and above as older because of the few prisoners age 65 and above.[ citation needed ]

Older prisoners arguably age faster than their cohorts on the outside of the institution as a direct result of chronic, long-term diseases and a history more accustomed to drug and alcohol abuse. 8.6 percent of the total U.S. prison population is age 50 or older, and the average age for those considered to be older prisoners is 57. [1]

With both incarceration rates and the nation's population higher than ever and stricter sentences being prescribed to perpetrators, the number of older prisoners is on the rise. The demographics, particularly race, of older prisoners resemble those of their younger peers, being that African Americans are disproportionately represented in making up nearly five and a half times of the prison population than their white counterparts make up. [2] [3] [4]

The most commonly contracted diseases during incarceration share similar diagnoses to those outside of the institutions; however, the rate at which they afflict older prisoners is escalated significantly - 25% compared to their free cohorts not confined to prison environments. [5] Psychiatric conditions are claimed to be detrimental to older prisoners where, specifically, rates of depression are higher and tend to have a lifelong lasting effect in a large percentage of older prisoners. [6] [7] [8] [9]

Some U.S. states have begun to expedite parole or expand compassionate release for older prisoners. In New York state, an Elder Parole bill was narrowly voted down in 2019; the bill would have required an immediate parole interview for people ages 55 and older who had served at least 15 years of their sentence. [10] Supporters of the bill, including Release Aging People in Prison (an advocacy organization of formerly incarcerated individuals), have pledged to continue applying public pressure to legislators to release more older prisoners. [11] Similarly, Maryland will take up legislation in the January 2020 legislative session to expand geriatric parole to about 265 inmates older than 60 who are suffering from illness or other complications of aging. [12]

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Gerontology Study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging

Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek γέρων, geron, "old man" and -λογία, -logia, "study of". The field is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, nursing, medicine, criminology, dentistry, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, economics, political science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology.

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People in prison are more likely than the general United States population to have received a mental disorder diagnosis, and women in prison have higher rates of mental illness and mental health treatment than do men in prison. Furthermore, women in prisons are three times more likely than the general population to report poor physical and mental health. Women are the fastest growing demographic of the United States prison population. As of 2019, there are about 222,500 women incarcerated in state and federal prisons in the United States. Women comprise roughly 8% of all inmates in the United States.

References

  1. ↑ Hooyman, Nancy R. and H. Asuman Kiyak (2011). Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, ed. 9, p 481. Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN   9780205763139.
  2. ↑ Aday, R.H. (2006). Aging Prisoners. B. Berkman and S. D'Ambruoso (eds.). Handbook of Social Work in Health and Aging. Oxford Press. ISBN   9780195173727.
  3. ↑ Harrison, P.M. and A.J. Beck (2006). Prisoners in 2005. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. NCJ 215092, 7-8.
  4. ↑ Loeb, S.J. and A. AbuDagga (2006). Health-Related Research on Older Inmates. Research in Nursing and Health, 29, 556-665.
  5. ↑ Hooyman, Nancy R. and H. Asuman Kiyak (2011). Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, ed. 9, p 481. Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN   9780205763139.
  6. ↑ Loeb, S.J. and A. AbuDagga (2006). Health-Related Research on Older Inmates. Research in Nursing and Health, 29, 556-665.
  7. ↑ Mitka, M (2004). Aging Prisoners Stressing Health Care System. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 423-424.
  8. ↑ Regan, J.J., and A. Alderson, and W.M. Regan (2002). Psychiatric Disorders in Aging Prisoners. Clinical Gerontologist, 26, 8-13.
  9. ↑ Williams, B.A. (2006). Being Old and Doing Time: Functional Impairment and Adverse Experiences of Geriatric Female Prisoners. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54, 702-707.
  10. ↑ Law, Victoria (August 22, 2019). "Death Of NY's Longest-Serving Female Prisoner Intensifies Calls For 'Elder Parole'". Gothamist. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  11. ↑ Saldana, Jose (September 20, 2019). "Elder Parole Is Overdue". Times Union. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  12. ↑ Broadwater, Luke (July 17, 2019). "Maryland prison population continues to shrink as officials consider releasing more elderly inmates". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
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