Out-of-the-loop performance problem

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The out-of-the-loop performance problem (OOL or OOTL [1] ) arises when an operator suffers from performance decrement as a consequence of automation. [2] [3] The potential loss of skills and of situation awareness caused by vigilance and complacency problems might make operators of automated systems unable to operate manually in case of system failure. [4] Highly automated systems reduce the operator to monitoring role, which diminishes the chances for the operator to understand the system. [5] It is related to mind wandering. [5]

Contents

Etymology

OOL is also known as out-of-the-loop syndrome [6] and out-of-the-loop effect. [7] One of the first mentions of the term "out of the loop" is found in a patent by Willard Meilander from Goodyear Aerospace Corporation for automated aircraft control in 1972. [8] [9] More early mentions of OOL came up in the context of flight automation in 1980s. [10]

Consequences

Three Mile Island accident in 1979, USAir Flight 5050 crash in 1989, Air France Flight 447 in 2009 and the loss of $400 million by Knight Capital Group in 2012 are attributed to OOL. [3] [11]

Automatic train operation

Automatic train operation is meant to reduce manual operation. This results in OOL performance problem for train drivers. [12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Merat, Natasha; Seppelt, Bobbie; Louw, Tyron; Engström, Johan; Lee, John D.; Johansson, Emma; Green, Charles A.; Katazaki, Satoshi; Monk, Chris; Itoh, Makoto; McGehee, Daniel; Sunda, Takashi; Unoura, Kiyozumi; Victor, Trent; Schieben, Anna; Keinath, Andreas (1 February 2019). "The "Out-of-the-Loop" concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications". Cognition, Technology & Work. 21 (1): 87–98. doi: 10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8 . hdl: 10919/93316 . ISSN   1435-5566. S2CID   52279007.
  2. ↑ Endsley, Mica R.; Kiris, Esin O. (June 1995). "The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation" . Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 37 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1518/001872095779064555. ISSN   0018-7208. S2CID   2147200.
  3. 1 2 Kaber, David B.; Endsley, Mica R. (1997). "Out-of-the-loop performance problems and the use of intermediate levels of automation for improved control system functioning and safety" . Process Safety Progress. 16 (3): 126–131. doi:10.1002/prs.680160304. ISSN   1066-8527. S2CID   14070085.
  4. ↑ "DIN SPEC 91516:2025-07, Human performance regarding the dynamic driving task for the specification of AI in ATO" (in German). DIN Media GmbH. doi:10.31030/3625051 . Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  5. ↑ Nadj, Mario; Maedche, Alexander; Schieder, Christian (1 August 2020). "The effect of interactive analytical dashboard features on situation awareness and task performance". Decision Support Systems. 135: 113322. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2020.113322. ISSN   0167-9236. PMC   7234950 . PMID   32834262.
  6. ↑ Endsley, Mica R. (February 2017). "From Here to Autonomy: Lessons Learned From Human–Automation Research". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 59 (1): 5–27. doi: 10.1177/0018720816681350 . ISSN   0018-7208. PMID   28146676. S2CID   3771328.
  7. ↑ Merat, Natasha; Seppelt, Bobbie; Louw, Tyron; Engström, Johan; Lee, John D.; Johansson, Emma; Green, Charles A.; Katazaki, Satoshi; Monk, Chris; Itoh, Makoto; McGehee, Daniel; Sunda, Takashi; Unoura, Kiyozumi; Victor, Trent; Schieben, Anna; Keinath, Andreas (1 February 2019). "The "Out-of-the-Loop" concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications". Cognition, Technology & Work. 21 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8. hdl: 1721.1/118125 . ISSN   1435-5566. S2CID   254136498.
  8. ↑ Meilander, Willard C. (6 June 1972). "Method and apparatus for vehicle traffic control" . Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  9. ↑ Wiener, Earl L.; Nagel, David C. (1988). Human Factors in Aviation. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN   978-0-12-750031-7.
  10. ↑ Berberian, Bruno; Gouraud, Jonas; Somon, Bertille; Sahai, Aisha; Le Goff, Kevin (2017). "My Brain is Out of the Loop: A Neuroergonomic Approach of OOTL Phenomenon". Augmented Cognition. Neurocognition and Machine Learning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10284. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–18. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_1. ISBN   978-3-319-58627-4.
  11. ↑ Wang, Aobo; Guo, Beiyuan; Du, Hao; Bao, Haifeng (2022). "Impact of Automation at Different Cognitive Stages on High-Speed Train Driving Performance" . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (12): 24599–24608. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3211709. ISSN   1558-0016. S2CID   253325209.
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