Paper and pulp industry in Dryden, Ontario

Last updated
Dryden Mill in 2008 Dryden mill.JPG
Dryden Mill in 2008

The Dryden pulp mill, also known as the Reed Mill, is a paper and pulp mill in Dryden, Ontario. During the 1960s and 70s, mercury poisoning from the mill caused one of Canada's worst environmental disasters: Dryden Chemicals Ltd dumped mercury into the English-Wabigoon River, upstream of Grassy Narrows First Nation, poisoning the fish which were their staple food. [1] Members of the Grassy Narrows and the Whitedog communities downstream from the mill suffered severe mercury poisoning. [2]

Contents

The first iteration of the mill was initially built by Charles and Grant Gordon in 1909 on the west side of the Wabigoon River [3] From the early twentieth century to the twenty-first century, the forest industry has played a significant role in Dryden's economy. [4]

In 2019, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Weyerhaeuser Company and Resolute Forest Products—previously known as Abitibi-Consolidated—are responsible for remediating the mercury contamination. [5] The environmental poisoning continues to cause significant health problems for the First Nations communities downstream. [5] [6] The Government of Canada is building a $20 million clinic to treat the First Nations "suffering from mercury poisoning". [7]

Since a USD $520 million purchase of the mill by Domtar from Weyerhaeuser, in 2007 the mill has produced Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft pulp product.

Location

The city of Dryden, which is in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, on Wabigoon Lake—the headwater of the Wabigoon River near the Manitoba border, was ideally located for the pulp-and-paper industry with its abundant hydroelectricity supply from the Wabigoon River and a plentiful supply of wood. [3] Dryden, as of 2016, had a population of 7,749. Dryden is the second-largest city in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, located on Wabigoon Lake. It is the smallest community in the province of Ontario designated as a city. [8]

The plant is located upstream of White Dog First Nation and Grassy Narrows First Nation. [9]

History of the Dryden mill (1800s - 1970s)

In 1909, Charles and Grant Gordon began the construction of a paper mill on the west side of the Wabigoon River, where a paper mill is currently located. [3] The mill's location has some advantages, because it has an abundant electricity supply from the river and a plentiful supply of wood. [3] During the late 1890s, there were several sawmills operating in the Dryden, Ontario area. They primarily supplied the builders of the Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR) with railway timber, and powered the many steam boilers used for mining in that area. [3] Since the early 1900s and the opening of the first sawmill in Dryden, the forest industry has played a significant role in the economy of the city. [4] [10] [Notes 1]

In 1911, the rights of the timber lease were transferred from the Gordon brothers to the Dryden Timber and Power Company because the building they were constructing burned down in 1910, and they did not have means to complete their project. [11]

Dryden Timber and Power Company constructed a new mill and started to operate in 1913; it was the first Kraft pulp mill in Northwestern Ontario. [3] [11] Power chain saws, safety pants and safety gloves were introduced with the ownership of Dryden Paper Company in the early 1960s, resulting in a tremendous increase in productivity for the loggers. [11] [12]

Mill operations

In the 1970s, the plant had a capacity of 350 tons of pulp per day, representing approximately 4% of all wood pulp made in Ontario. [9]

Waste water from the wood processing flowed into the Wabigoon River [9]

As demand for their products decreased in 2009, hundreds of workers were laid off.

Environmental disaster

The Wabigoon river as it exits Wabigoon Lake Wabigoon river.JPG
The Wabigoon river as it exits Wabigoon Lake

Dryden Chemicals Ltd., a subsidiary of the British multinational, Reed International, dumped 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of mercury into the English-Wabigoon River upstream of Grassy Narrows First Nation from 1962 to 1970. This slow poisoning of the water system is considered one of Canada's worst environmental disasters. [1]

Dryden Chemicals used mercury cells in sodium chloride electrolysis to make caustic soda and chlorine for bleaching paper [13] [14] The English-Wabigoon River served as a source of a food and drinking water and contributed to the local economy through fishing and guiding. [13] [15]

By 1970, the river was polluted with chemical waste. This spread to the Winnipeg River and eventually to Lake Winnipeg. [13] As a result, the people of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog suffered from mercury poisoning, including Minamata disease. [15] [16] Mercury never dissolves and is bioaccumulative. [2]

Plans to build a second mill in 1977 were halted by the conclusions from the Recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment. [9]

About 850 First Nations people were living on the two reserves when the mercury issue arose, and they were told to stop eating fish and drinking water. Also, the commercial fishery and fishing guides services were forced to close, resulting in mass unemployment in the community. [13] [15] Furthermore, "the impact of the mercury poisoning on the local economy had not received attention for a long time." [17]

In 2015, a former employee claimed he had participated in further dumping drums of mercury in 1972. Grassy Narrows Chief Simon Frobisher believes this dumping was done at a separate, un-monitored site. [18]

Since the mercury poisoning, the Grassy Narrows community "have lived with the consequences of one of the worst cases of environmental poisoning in Canadian history." [6]

Company response

In 1985, Dryden chemical executives repeatedly insisted that mercury occurred naturally in the local environment, and the mill's effluence was not the only source of mercury in the river. However, fish taken from the area of the mill showed much higher levels of mercury than fish from other areas. [19]

Government response

The Ontario government warned the First Nation residents to stop eating fish, which is their main staple food, and closed down their commercial fishery in November 1970. [13] Even though the hair and blood samples of people in Grassy Narrows and White Dog showed that the blood mercury levels exceeded the level considered safe for humans, the Canadian federal government denied the occurrence of Minamata disease and insisted that no serious typical cases were found in those regions. [15] [20] Even a 1971 provincial report suggested that the mercury might have occurred naturally because of its chemical property. [13]

The definition of Minamata disease was not clear at the time, and the level of contamination in Japan's case of Minamata disease was much more serious and lethal than the ones in Canada. [15] Also, the symptoms of Minamata disease are similar to alcoholic inebriation, including loss of coordination and concentration and body tremors. [15] [21] Public awareness of the problem grew during the 1970s. [22] [23] The federal government paid $4.4 million ($12,904,036 today) to Grassy Narrows for social service and economic development on July 27, 1984. [24] The federal government has paid more than $9 million for compensation to the First Nations affected by the mercury contamination. [24]

Indigenous community response

Elder Bill Fobister, speaking at a protest at Queen's Park in Toronto Grassy Narrows - Elder Bill Fobister.JPG
Elder Bill Fobister, speaking at a protest at Queen's Park in Toronto

On June 6, 2016, Indigenous Chief Fobister led a march with a thousand protestors in downtown Toronto, to "demand a clean up of the mercury poison that has been left in their river for over 50 years". [25] Chief Fobister announced that an expert report, which was released on June 6, 2016 had found that the river was "still highly contaminated" and that "it can be cleaned safely". [25]

Current Status

In 2024, a research team, led by Western biology professor Brian Branfireun, detected heightened levels of methylmercury in the English-Wabigoon River system. Combined with the existing mercury in the rivers, Branfireun said "[t]he combination of sulphate and organic matter from the mill was elevating the creation of the more toxic, methylmercury in the river." [26]

Domtar Corporation (2007 - 2023)

In March 2007, Domtar purchased the Mill from Weyerhaeuser for approximately US$520 million. [27] It has an annual pulp production capacity of 319,000 tonnes in 1 pulp line. [11] [28]

Domtar Corporation acquired the mill and became the largest integrated producer of uncoated paper in North America and the second-largest in the world in terms of production capacity, owns a pulp manufacturer in Dryden that produces one pulp product called Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK). [4] The mill produces 319,000 air dry metric tons of NBSK annually, which is sold on the open market. [29] However, the paper and pulp sector is facing economic deterioration.

On April 2, 2009, Domtar Corporation announced that it would idle its Dryden pulp making mills for approximately ten weeks starting April 25, 2009 due to the lack of global demand for pulp. [30] As a result, 230 workers have been off work since the mill closed. [31] However, mill employees working in Dryden began slowly returning to work at Domtar's pulp mill in July 2009. [31]

First Quality (2023-)

In February 2023, Domtar announced they had entered an agreement to sell Domtar's Dryden pulp mill to First Quality, "a closely held, diversified group of companies manufacturing, selling and distributing branded and private label absorbent hygiene, paper and packaging products into the healthcare, retail and commercial channels." [32] The acquisition was closed in August 2023. [33]

Notes

  1. According to Bonny Skene then working for Domtar Ltd., the first mill called the Gordon Pulp and Paper Company (1909-1909) had burned down before it was completed. It was replaced with the Dryden Timber and Power Company (1911-1918) which was operational in 1913. From 1918 to 1920, the mill was called the Dryden Pulp and Paper Company. It was called the Dryden Paper Company from 1920 to 1953. When it was purchased by the Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Company in 1953, both the management and the name, Dryden Paper Company, remained the same. In 1960, when the Reed Paper Group acquired the Anglo-Canadian Paper Mills Limited, the name continued to be the Dryden Paper Company. The company was called Reed Limited from 1975 to 1979, when it was renamed Great Lakes Forest Products. In 1988, the Canadian Pacific Forest Products Limited was created with the merger of Great Lakes Forest Products with Canadian International Paper Inc. From 1994 to 1998, Avenor Incorporated owned the mill.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dryden, Ontario</span> City in Ontario, Canada

Dryden is the second-largest city in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, located on Wabigoon Lake. It is the least populous community in Ontario incorporated as a city. The City of Dryden had a population of 7,749 and its population centre had a population of 5,586 in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domtar</span> Largest integrated producer of uncoated free-sheet paper in North America

Domtar Corporation is a North American pulp and paper company that manufactures and markets wood fiber-based pulp and paper products. The company operates pulp mills and paper mills in Windsor, Quebec; Dryden, Ontario; Kamloops, British Columbia; Ashdown, Arkansas; Hawesville, Kentucky; Plymouth, North Carolina; Marlboro County, South Carolina; and Kingsport, Tennessee. While Domtar operated independently for several decades and was listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges, the company was acquired by Paper Excellence Group in November 2021 and has since operated as a subsidiary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minamata disease</span> Severe neurological disease caused by mercury poisoning

Minamata disease is a neurological disease caused by severe mercury poisoning. Signs and symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, loss of peripheral vision, and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A congenital form of the disease affects fetuses in the womb, causing microcephaly, extensive cerebral damage, and symptoms similar to those seen in cerebral palsy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury poisoning</span> Poisoning caused by mercury chemicals

Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They may include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, or trouble seeing. High-level exposure to methylmercury is known as Minamata disease. Methylmercury exposure in children may result in acrodynia in which the skin becomes pink and peels. Long-term complications may include kidney problems and decreased intelligence. The effects of long-term low-dose exposure to methylmercury are unclear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penobscot River</span> River in the U.S. state of Maine

The Penobscot River is a 109-mile-long (175 km) river in the U.S. state of Maine. Including the river's West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscot's length to 264 miles (425 km), making it the second-longest river system in Maine and the longest entirely in the state. Its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles (22,300 km2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wabigoon River</span> River in Ontario, Canada

The Wabigoon River is a river in Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It flows from Raleigh Lake past Dryden, Ontario on Wabigoon Lake to join the English River. The name "Wabigoon" comes from the Ojibwe waabigon, "marigold", or waabi-miigwan, "white feather".

Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation is an Ojibwe First Nations band government who inhabit northern Kenora in Ontario, Canada. Their landbase is the 4,145 ha English River 21 Indian Reserve. It has a registered population of 1,595 as of October 2019, of which the on-reserve population was 971. As of October 2023, the community had a registered population of 1,608. They are a signatory to Treaty 3.

The four big pollution diseases of Japan were a group of man-made diseases all caused by environmental pollution due to improper handling of industrial wastes by Japanese corporations. The first occurred in 1912, and the other three occurred in the 1950s and 1960s.

Ontario Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. It occurred in the Canadian province of Ontario, in 1970, and severely affected two First Nation communities in Northwestern Ontario following consumption of local fish contaminated with mercury, and one First Nation in Southern Ontario due to illegal disposal of industrial chemical waste. The disease was named after the infamous case of severe mercury poisoning in the fishing community of Minamata, Japan, which became known as Minamata disease because it devastated only the residents of the community.

Wabaseemoong Independent Nations or more fully as the Wabaseemoong Independent Nations of One Man Lake, Swan Lake and Whitedog, is an Ojibway First Nation band government who reside 120 km northwest of Kenora, Ontario and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) east of the Ontario-Manitoba border of northwestern Ontario, Canada. As of December 2018, the First Nation had a population of 2,000 registered people, of which their on-Reserve population was 1200 registered members and approximately 100 non-Band members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury in fish</span>

The presence of mercury in fish is a health concern for people who eat them, especially for women who are or may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children. Fish and shellfish concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of methylmercury, a highly toxic organomercury compound. This element is known to bioaccumulate in humans, so bioaccumulation in seafood carries over into human populations, where it can result in mercury poisoning. Mercury is dangerous to both natural ecosystems and humans because it is a metal known to be highly toxic, especially due to its neurotoxic ability to damage the central nervous system.

Waawaate Fobister (Anishinaabe) is a Canadian actor, dancer, playwright, choreographer, instructor, producer and storyteller, best known for their semi-autobiographical one-man play, Agokwe.

Mercury is a poisonous element found in various forms in Canada. It can be emitted in the atmosphere naturally and anthropogenically, the main cause of mercury emission in the environment. Mercury pollution has become a sensitive issue in Canada for the past few decades and many steps have been taken for prevention at local, national, and international levels. It has been found to have various negative health and environmental effects. Methylmercury is the most toxic form of mercury which is easily accessible as well as digestible by living organisms and it is this form of mercury causing serious harm to human and wildlife health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brian Branfireun</span> Canadian environmental scientist

Brian Branfireun is a Canadian environmental scientist. He held a Canada Research Chair (2010-2020) and is a professor at Western University. He studied climate change and directed a laboratory in Western's Biotron for the study of speciated trace metals in the environment such as mercury and arsenic.

In Canada, First Nations communities have been under long-term drinking water advisories (DWAs) for decades. A long-term drinking water advisory is an advisory that has been in place for over a year. From November 2015 through January 19, 2024, 144 DWAs were lifted. 28 are still in effect in 26 communities.

<i>Grassy Narrows First Nation v Ontario (Natural Resources)</i> Supreme Court of Canada 2014 Aboriginal law case

Grassy Narrows First Nation v Ontario (Natural Resources) [2014] SCR 48, [2014] 2 S.C.R. 447 was a July 11, 2014 decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in case number 35379 in which an appeal made by the Government of Ontario was allowed. The result of Grassy Narrows v. Ontario, while legal, was deemed unfair by some to Grassy Narrows First Nation, as "it has put them in a situation of having negotiated with a party who then ceased to be a party when it came to honouring the agreement."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows</span> Environmental & health disaster 1962 - 1970

Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows was an uncontrolled discharge of between 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) and 11,000 kilograms (24,000 lb) of mercury from the Dryden Mill's chloralkali plant in Dryden into the headwaters of the Wabigoon River in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario from 1962 until 1970. It was described as "one of the worst cases of environmental poisoning in Canadian history." The contamination poisoned many people in the Grassy Narrows First Nation and Whitedog First Nation communities.

The Royal Commission on the Northern Environment was established by the Government of Ontario with J. E. J. Fahlgren as Commissioner. The final report and recommendations were submitted to the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General on June 28, 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water pollution in Canada</span> Overview of water pollution in Canada

Water pollution in Canada is generally local and regional in water-rich Canada, and most Canadians have "access to sufficient, affordable, and safe drinking water and adequate sanitation." Water pollution in Canada is caused by municipal sewage, urban runoff, industrial pollution and industrial waste, agricultural pollution, inadequate water infrastructure. This is a long-term threat in Canada due to "population growth, economic development, climate change, and scarce fresh water supplies in certain parts of the country."

References

  1. 1 2 Porter, Jody (2016). "Children of the poisoned river". CBC News. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Kinghorn, April; Solomon, Patricia; Chan, Hing Man (January 1, 2007). "Temporal and spatial trends of mercury in fish collected in the English–Wabigoon river system in Ontario, Canada". Science of the Total Environment. 372 (2): 615–623. Bibcode:2007ScTEn.372..615K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.049. ISSN   0048-9697. PMID   17161450 . Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of Dryden Paper Mill: Original Construction of the first paper mill in 1909". Dryden High School Online. DHS History Project. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 Dryden Ontario,2009 manufacture in Dryden Archived 2009-08-18 at archive.today
  5. 1 2 "Supreme Court rules companies are responsible for cleanup of Grassy Narrows site". Global News. December 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  6. 1 2 Philibert, Aline; Fillion, Myriam; Mergler, Donna (April 1, 2020). "Mercury exposure and premature mortality in the Grassy Narrows First Nation community: a retrospective longitudinal study". The Lancet Planetary Health. 4 (4): –141–e148. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30057-7 . ISSN   2542-5196. PMID   32353294.
  7. Aiken, Mike (October 9, 2020). "New chief at Grassy Narrows". Kenora on Line. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  8. Statistics Canada Population and Dwelling counts, census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses, sorted by province, then sorted by type. Dryden has the smallest population for any city (CY). Retrieved 5 September 2007.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Fahlgreen, J.E.J. (June 28, 1985). Report and Recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment (Report). Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. p. 440. ISBN   0-7729-0628-9 . Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  10. "Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Company". McGill Digital Archive. Canadian Corporate Reports. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "History of Dryden Paper Mill: Dryden Mill Ownership Changes". Dryden High School Online. DHS History Project. October 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
  12. "History of Dryden Paper Mill: People's stories while working at the Dryden Paper Mill". Dryden High School Online. DHS History Project. October 2009. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 CBC digital archives Mercury Rising: The Poisoning of Grassy Narrows 1970-11-1. Retrieved on 2005-10-27.
  14. Environmental Justice and the Rights of Ecological Refugees, Laura Westra, Earthscan, 2009, ISBN   978-1-84407-797-7, accessed November 30, 2009
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harada, M, Fujino, T, Akagi, T, and Nishigaki, S. "Epidemiological and clinical study and historical background of mercury pollution on Indian Reservations in Northwestern Ontario, Canada", Bulletin of the Institute of Constitutional Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 26:169–185. Retrieved on 2009-10-22
  16. Environmental electrochemistry: fundamentals and applications in pollution abatement, Krishnan Rajeshwar, Jorge G. Ibanez, Academic Press, 1997, ISBN   978-0-12-576260-1, accessed November 30, 2009
  17. New socialist GRASSY NARROWS: HISTORY OF THE FIGHT Mercury poisoning, clear-cutting and government collusion Archived 2008-03-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-10-22.
  18. "Grassy Narrows First Nation demands action after mercury dump site revelation". CBC.ca . 21 Jun 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  19. A poison stronger than love: the destruction of an Ojibwa community, Anastasia M. Shkilnyk, Yale University Press, 1985, ISBN   978-0-300-03325-0
  20. Masazumi, Harada.Minamata Disease and the Mercury Pollution of the Globe Retrieved on 2009-10-25
  21. Mineralysis,2000.Mercury Toxicity Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-10-25
  22. Micropolitics and Canadian business: paper, steel, and the airlines, Peter Clancy, University of Toronto Press, 2004, ISBN   978-1-55111-570-2, accessed November 20, 2009
  23. Joyce Wieland: a life in art, Iris Nowell, ECW Press, 2001, ISBN   9781550224764, accessed November 30, 2009
  24. 1 2 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada,2005 Fact Sheet: English-Wabigoon River Mercury Compensation Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-10-22
  25. 1 2 "Grassy Narrows must be cleaned up now: Chief Fobister". Star. June 6, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  26. Bettens, C. (2024). Paper mill wastewater increasing mercury contamination near Grassy Narrows First Nation, study suggests. Aptn News; World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/paper-mill-wastewater-is-increasing-mercury-contamination-near-grassy-narrows-first-nation-study-suggests/
  27. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-53047059.html [ dead link ]
  28. Domtar corporation Dryden Paper Mill Retrieved on 2009-10-25
  29. "Northern Ontario Business,2009 Domtar permanently closes Dryden paper machine Retrieved on 2009-10-21
  30. The Dryden Observers, 2009 Domtar announces ten week shutdown in Dryden, seven weeks in Ear Falls Archived 2009-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-10-20
  31. 1 2 The working forest Newspaper, 2009 Dryden mill re-opening Retrieved on 2009-10-20
  32. Domtar Newsroom, 2023 Retrieved on 2024-5-28
  33. First Quality, 2023 Retrieved on 2024-5-28

49°47′N92°50′W / 49.783°N 92.833°W / 49.783; -92.833