Para-Yeniseian languages

Para-Yeniseian
Para-Yeniseic Xiongnu
(proposed)
Geographic distribution	Siberia, Mongolia, Northern China, North India, Europe
Linguistic classification	Dené–Yeniseian? Xiongnu-Yeniseian Para-Yeniseian
Subdivisions	?Xiongnu ?Dingling ?Jie
Language codes
Glottolog	None

Para-Yeniseian is a proposed group of languages that is considered to be an extinct sister branch of the Yeniseian languages. ^[1] Para-Yeniseian contains a few extinct languages.

Definitions

There are two definitions for Para-Yeniseian:

• A group of hypothetical languages related to Yeniseian languages attested only through placenames, especially those who cannot be identified with the attested Yeniseian languages.
• A family including the Xiongnu language and languages which are thought to be closely related to it.

Languages

• Para-Yeniseian
  • Xiongnu? ^[2]
    • Hunnic?
    • Huna?
  • Dingling?
  • Jie? ^[3]

Others consider these languages as being Pumpokolic ^[4] , Arinic ^[5] or as belonging to other language families.

References

1. "Proto-Yeniseian Homeland". Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
2. Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary". Academia.
3. Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.
4. Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward; de la Vaissière, Etienne (2016). "Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838.
5. Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025). "Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language". Transactions of the Philological Society. 0: 1–24. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12321.