Arin | |
---|---|
Ar, Ara | |
Native to | Russia |
Region | Yenisei River |
Ethnicity | Arin people |
Extinct | late 1730s, with the death of Arzamas Loskutov [1] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xrn |
xrn | |
Glottolog | arin1243 |
Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in blue. |
Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia by the Arin people along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk, [2] north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century, [2] [3] with the death of Arzamas Loskutov, [1] who was an informant for Gerhard Friedrich Müller in 1731. [4]
It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves. [2]
Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes -set, -igai, -lat, -zat, -zet and -sat (meaning "river") and -kul'/-kul (meaning "water"). [5] These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the ar-jäx "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob. [2] [6]
It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language. [6] The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu, [7] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty. [8]
One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial k- and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word kul (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word uˑl’ and the Kott word ûl. [9]
The vowel system in Arin is as follows: [5]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Close-mid | e | o | |
Open-mid | ɛ | ( ʌ )1 | ɔ |
Open | æ | a |
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p [ p ] | pʼh [ pʲ ] | t [ t ] | tʼ[ tʲ ] | k [ k ] | kʼ[ kʲ ] | q [ q ] | qʼ [ qʲ ] | (ʔ [ ʔ ])1 |
voiced | b [ b ] | d [ d ] | dʼ[ dʲ ] | g [ g ] | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | (f [ f ]) | s [ s ] š [ ʃ ] | sʼ[ sʲ ] | x [ χ ] | (h [ h ]) | ||||
voiced | (v [ v ]) | z [ z ] ž [ ʒ ] | ||||||||
Affricate | c [ t͡s ] | č [ t͡ʃ ] (dž [ d͡ʒ ]) | ||||||||
Nasal | m [ m ] | mʼ[ mʲ ] | n [ n ] | nʼ [ nʲ ] | ŋ [ ŋ ] | |||||
Lateral | l [ l ] | lʼ [ lʲ ] | ||||||||
Approximant | j [ j ] | |||||||||
Trill | r [ r ] | (rʼ [ rʲ ]) |
Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.
There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions. [5]
Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word teminkur (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word *tämir qān (meaning "iron blood"). [10] There are over 400 lexica for the Arin language, recorded in the 18th century. [4]
Arin words in Pallas 1789 [11] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian gloss | бог | небо | вечер | лес | глина | поле | снег | ветер | вино |
English translation | God | sky, heaven | evening | forest | clay | field | snow | spirit | wine |
Arin translation | еc | эc | пись | още | тьюбурунг | кья́ба | тье | паи | арага́ |
Arin body parts in Pallas 1789 [11] | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian gloss | волос | голова | ухо | глаз | нос | рот | язык | щёки | борода | плечо | рука | пальцы | нога | живот | спина | плоть | сердце |
English translation | hair | head | ear | eye | nose | mouth | tongue | cheek | beard | shoulder | hand | fingers | leg | stomach | back | flesh | heart |
Arin translation | кья́ганг | колкья | уткьэно́нг | тенг | аркӷуй | бюкьо́н | алъяп | быкӷолю́нг | королеп | хинанг | пъӷяга | кӷо́лпас | пил | пъӷорга | кӷоп | ис | шеноугбу |
Arin family member words in Pallas 1789 [11] | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian gloss | отец | мать | сын | дочь | брат | сестра | муж | жена | девочка | мальчик | дитя | человек |
English translation | father | mother | son | daughter | brother | sister | husband | wife | girl | boy | child | human, person |
Arin translation | ипя, бъяп | бя́мя | бикял | бик-ялья | бамага́л | бамагалья | бикъярьят | бикӷама́л | бикъялья | бикъял | алполат | кьит |
No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
---|---|---|
1 | qusej | Кг̧узей |
2 | kina | Ки́на |
3 | tʼoŋa | Тьюнга |
4 | šája ~ šaga ~ šeja | Ша́га |
5 | qala ~ qaga ~ kala | Ка́ла |
6 | ögga ~ ɨga ~ ɛge | Эгга |
7 | ɨnʼa ~ ona ~ una | Ыньа |
8 | kinamančau | Кинаманчау́ |
9 | qusamančau | Кг̧усаманчау |
10 | qoa | Кг̧оа |
11 | qóa-qúsa | |
12 | qóa-kina | |
13 | qóa-tʼoŋa | |
14 | qoa-šaja | |
15 | qoa-qala | |
16 | qoa-ögga | |
17 | qoa-ɨnʼa | |
18 | qoa-kinamančaú | |
19 | qoa-qusamančau | |
20 | kintʼuŋ | |
30 | tʼoŋtʼuːŋ | |
40 | šájtʼuːŋ | |
50 | qaltʼuːŋ | |
60 | ögtʼuːŋ ~ uj-tuŋ | |
70 | ɨ́ntʼuŋ | |
80 | kina-mančaútʼuːŋ | |
90 | qusamančautʼuːŋ | |
100 | jus | Іусь |
200 | kin-jus | |
300 | tʼoŋ-jus | |
1000 | qo-jus |
The Yenisey is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.
The Jie were members of a tribe of northern China in the fourth century. During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, they were regarded by the Han people as one of the Five Barbarians. Under Shi Le and his family, they established the Later Zhao dynasty which dominated northern China for most of its existence from 319 to 351. The Jie ceased to play a role in Chinese history after Ran Min's culling order and the wars that followed the collapse of Later Zhao, although some historians believe that certain prominent figures from later periods such as Hou Jing and Erzhu Rong may have been descendants of the Jie.
The Ket language, or more specifically Imbak and formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak, is a Siberian language long thought to be an isolate, the sole surviving language of a Yeniseian language family. It is spoken along the middle Yenisei basin by the Ket people.
The Paleo-Siberian languages are several language isolates and small language families spoken in parts of Siberia. They are not known to have any genetic relationship to each other; their only common link is that they are held to have antedated the more dominant languages, particularly Tungusic and latterly Turkic languages, that have largely displaced them. Even more recently, Turkic and especially Tungusic have been displaced in their turn by Russian.
The Yeniseian languages are a family of languages that are spoken by the Yeniseian people in the Yenisei River region of central Siberia. As part of the proposed Dené–Yeniseian language family, the Yeniseian languages have been argued to be part of "the first demonstration of a genealogical link between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical linguistics". The only surviving language of the group today is Ket.
Khagan or Qaghan is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.
Kets are a Yeniseian-speaking people in Siberia. During the Russian Empire, they were known as Ostyaks, without differentiating them from several other Siberian people. Later, they became known as Yenisei Ostyaks because they lived in the middle and lower basin of the Yenisei River in the Krasnoyarsk Krai district of Russia. The modern Kets lived along the eastern middle stretch of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia between the 17th and 19th centuries. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,220 Kets in Russia. According to the 2021 census, this number had declined to 1,088.
Ingrian, also called Izhorian, is a Finnic language spoken by the Izhorians of Ingria. It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly.
The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, was the language spoken by Huns in the Hunnic Empire, a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic tribal confederation which invaded Eastern and Central Europe, and ruled most of Pannonian Central Europe, during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. A variety of languages were spoken within the Hun Empire. A contemporary report by Priscus has that Hunnish was spoken alongside Gothic and the languages of other tribes subjugated by the Huns.
The Kott (Kot) language is an extinct Yeniseian language that was formerly spoken in central Siberia by the banks of the Mana River, a tributary of the Yenisei river. It became extinct in the 1850s. Kott was closely related to Ket, still spoken farther north along the Yenisei river. Assan, a close relative, is sometimes considered a dialect of Kott. The term kott may be derived from Buryat qota 'town', applied to neighbouring non-pastoral peoples, including the last few Kotts.
Pumpokol is one of the Yeniseian languages, formerly spoken by the Pumpokol people. It has been extinct since the 18th century. It shares many features with the ancient Xiongnu and Jie languages, and according to Alexander Vovin, Edward Vajda, and Étienne de la Vaissière, is closely related to them. It is poorly attested, the only available lexicon amounting to about 65 words, and some of them have been identified as being Yugh, not Pumpokol.
Assan is an extinct Yeniseian language spoken to the south of Krasnoyarsk in Russia. It went extinct in the 18th century. It is similar enough to the Kott language that it can be regarded as a dialect of it, but the Assan identified as a separate ethnicity from the Kotts.
Dene–Yeniseian is a proposed language family consisting of the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia and the Na-Dene languages of northwestern North America.
Jie is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast China during the Later Zhao dynasty by the Jie people, who were formerly part of the Xiongnu confederation. It has been variously considered to be of either Yeniseian or Turkic affiliation.
Xiongnu, also referred to as Xiong-nu or Hsiung-nu, is the language(s) presumed to be spoken by the Xiongnu, a people and confederation which existed from the 3rd century BCE to 100 AD. It is sparsely attested, and the extant material available on it comprises about 150 words, as well as what may be a two-line text transcribed using Chinese characters, which the Xiongnu may have used themselves for writing their language.
Proto-Yeniseian or Proto-Yeniseic is the unattested reconstructed proto-language from which all Yeniseian languages are thought to descend from. It is uncertain whether Proto-Yeniseian had a similar tone/pitch accent system as Ket. Many studies about Proto-Yeniseian phonology have been done; however, there are still many things unclear about Proto-Yeniseian. The probable location of the Yeniseian homeland is proposed on the basis of geographic names and genetic studies, which suggests a homeland in Southern Siberia.
Wawu is an obscure language formerly spoken in West Africa that has not been classified. The only evidence for this language, assuming it is not spurious, is published in a late 18th-century source that includes two languages called "Wawu", the other being a dialect of Ewe. The consultant for the unclassified language called "Wawu" identified his people's neighbors as the Fra (Kasena), Bente, Naena, Gui, Guraa (Anyi), Guaflee and No.
The Yeniseian people refers either to the modern or ancient Siberian populations speaking Yeniseian languages. Despite evidence pointing to the historical presence of Yeniseian populations throughout Central Siberia and Northern Mongolia, only the Ket and Yugh people survive today. The modern Yeniseians live along the eastern middle stretch of the Yenisei River in Northern Siberia. According to the 2021 census, there were 1,088 Kets and 7 Yugs in Russia.
The Pumpokolic languages form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.
The Arins were a Yeniseian people, part of the peoples sometimes called Ostyaks. By mixing and Russification, they were assimilated by the 19th century.