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Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes.
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. It was discovered by British physician James McConnell at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1874. The first description was given by Thomas Spencer Cobbold, who named it Distoma sinense. The fluke passes its lifecycle in three different hosts, namely freshwater snail as first intermediate hosts, freshwater fish as second intermediate host, and mammals as definitive hosts.
Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke and two related species. Clonorchiasis is a known risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a neoplasm of the biliary system.
Fasciola, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a genus of parasitic trematodes. There are two species within the genus Fasciola: Fasciolahepatica and Fasciolagigantica, as well as hybrids between the two species. Both species infect the liver tissue of a wide variety of mammals, including humans, in a condition known as fascioliasis. F. hepatica measures up to 30 mm by 15 mm, while F. gigantica measures up to 75 mm by 15 mm.
Fasciola gigantica is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infection rates are as high as 80–100% in some countries. The infection is commonly called fasciolosis.
Trematodes are parasitic flatworms of the class Trematoda, specifically parasitic flukes with two suckers: one ventral and the other oral. Trematodes are covered by a tegument, that protects the organism from the environment by providing secretory and absorptive functions.
Opisthorchis viverrini, common name Southeast Asian liver fluke, is a food-borne trematode parasite from the family Opisthorchiidae that infects the bile duct. People are infected after eating raw or undercooked fish. Infection with the parasite is called opisthorchiasis. O. viverrini infection also increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma, a cancer of the bile ducts.
Liver fluke is a collective name of a polyphyletic group of parasitic trematodes under the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are principally parasites of the liver of various mammals, including humans. Capable of moving along the blood circulation, they can occur also in bile ducts, gallbladder, and liver parenchyma. In these organs, they produce pathological lesions leading to parasitic diseases. They have complex life cycles requiring two or three different hosts, with free-living larval stages in water.
Parafossarulus manchouricus is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Bithynia siamensis is a species of a freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Plagioporus skrjabini is a species of a trematode in the family Opecoelidae.
Bithynia fuchsiana is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Bithynia longicornis is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Bithynia misella is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Parafossarulus striatulus is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Acanthatrium hitaensis is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Lecithodendriidae.
Parafossarulus anomalospiralis is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
Assiminea lutea is a species of minute operculate snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Assimineidae.
Koreoleptoxis amurensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Semisulcospiridae.
Carcinogenic parasite is a parasitic organism which depends on other organisms for their survival, and cause cancer in such hosts. Medically-proven carcinogenic parasites are three species of flukes (trematodes), namely the urinary blood fluke, the Southeast Asian liver fluke and the Chinese liver fluke. S. haematobium is prevalent in Africa and the Middle East, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer. O. viverrini and C. sinensis are both found in eastern and southeastern Asia, and are responsible for cholangiocarcinoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer declared them in 2009 as a Group 1 biological carcinogens in humans.
References
- ↑ IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 May 2014.
- ↑ (in Russian) Zatrawkin M. N., Dovgalev A. S. & Starobogatov Ya. I. [Затравкин М. Н., Довгалев А. С. & Старобогатов Я. И.] (1989). "Моллюски рода Parafossarulus (Bithyniidae, Gastropoda) фауны СССР и их значение как промежуточных хозяев трематоды Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1857). [Molluscs of the genus Parafossarulus (Bithyniidae, Gastropoda) in fauna of the USSR and their role as intermediate hosts of the trematode Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1857)]". Бюллетень Московского общества испытателей природы, отдел биологический. [Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelej Prirody, otdel biologicheskij], 94(5): 74-78. pages 77-78, fig. 3.
- ↑ Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V. (published online on March 2, 2010). "Catalogue of the continental mollusks of Russia and adjacent territories". Version 2.3.1.
- 1 2 Besprozvannykh V. (2010). "Life Cycle of the Trematode Notocotylus intestinalis (Digenea, Notocutylidae) under Natural Conditions in Primorye Region (Russia)". Vestnik Zoologii 44(3): e-33–e-36. doi : 10.2478/v10058-010-0016-8.
- ↑ (in Russian) Besprozvannykh V. V. (2003). "[Life cycle of trematode Psilotrema acutilostris (Psilostomidae) from Primor'e region]". Parazitologiia37(3): 241-245. PMID 12916403. PDF.
- ↑ (in Russian) Besprozvannykh V. V. (2003). "[Life cycle of a trematode Holostephanus nipponicus (Cyathocotylidae) in conditions of Primor'e]". Parazitologiia37(4): 346-351. PMID 14515513. PDF.
- ↑ (in Russian) Besprozvannykh V. V. (2011). [Life cycle of the trematode Echinochasmus spinosus Odhner, 1911 (Echinostomatidae) in the natural conditions of Primorye]. Parazitologiia45(2): 114-119. PMID 21874844.
- ↑ Besprozvannykh V. V., Ngo H. D., Ha N. V., Hung N. M., Rozhkovan K. V. & Ermolenko A. V. (2013). "Descriptions of digenean parasites from three snail species, Bithynia fuchsiana (Morelet), Parafossarulus striatulus Benson and Melanoides tuberculata Müller, in North Vietnam". Helminthologia 50(3): 190-204. PDF.
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