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The Paraphrases were Latin Biblical paraphrases, rewritings of the Gospels by Desiderius Erasmus. Composed between 1517 and 1524, Erasmus occasionally revised them until his death in 1536.
In 1547, Edward VI of England ordered an English-language version to be displayed in all parish churches. The translation was overseen by Nicholas Udall, with the future Queen Mary, Edward's half-sister, contributing. [1]
Erasmus began publishing the Latin-language Paraphrases with the Pauline Epistles. The paraphrase of Romans was published in quarto by Flemish printer Dirk Martens in Louvain in November 1517 and reprinted by Erasmus's friend Johann Froben in January of the following year. It sold well and was soon reprinted in octavo.
Corinthians (both epistles) was published by Martens in February 1519 and reprinted in Basel by Froben in March. Galatians appeared later that year, with editions from both publishers. The remaining Epistles followed in 1520 and 1521, the last to appear being Hebrews.
In the autumn of 1521, Erasmus moved from Louvain to Basel, and from that time Froben published the first editions of the remaining Paraphrases. Erasmus turned to the Gospels: Matthew appearing in March 1522 (in both folio and octavo - from now on there are no more quartos), John in February (folio) and March (octavo) 1523, Luke in August 1523, and Mark in early 1524 (with a title page dated 1523). Acts followed quickly, the dedication copy being dated February 13, 1524.
Froben published a complete edition in two volumes: the first, "a stout octavo volume of 400 leaves dated 1523 and called Tomus secundus",[ citation needed ] contained the Epistles, and the Tomus primus containing the Gospels and Acts appeared the following year. "This was a considerable investment, and the firm kept it in their list for ten years",[ citation needed ] resetting portions as needed without a change of date.
The Paraphrases were reissued in various formats and combinations during the following decades; Roger Mynors writes: "When one is faced with one of these editions in folio, one has to remember that a purchaser would see them as composed of separable parts, out of which sets could be made up in any way that supply might dictate." [2]
Edward VI of England ordered the Paraphrases to be put up "in some convenient place" for reading in all parish churches. The command was in Edward's Injunctions of 1547. [1]
A translation into English, overseen by Nicholas Udall, was made nearly immediately, with the future Queen Mary, Edward's half-sister, performing the translation of the Gospel of John. Since Edward was only ten years old at the time (although already Protestant), it is likely that the elevation of Erasmus's text came about through the influence of one of his guardians or Thomas Cranmer.
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic theologian, educationalist, satirist and philosopher. Through his vast number of translations, books, essays, prayers and letters, he is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the Northern Renaissance and one of the major figures of Dutch and Western culture.
The earliest texts of William Shakespeare's works were published during the 16th and 17th centuries in quarto or folio format. Folios are large, tall volumes; quartos are smaller, roughly half the size. The publications of the latter are usually abbreviated to Q1, Q2, etc., where the letter stands for "quarto" and the number for the first, second, or third edition published.
Textus Receptus refers to the succession of printed editions of the Greek New Testament from Erasmus's Novum Instrumentum omne (1516) to the 1633 Elzevir edition.
This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century.
Nicholas Udall was an English playwright, cleric, schoolmaster, the author of Ralph Roister Doister, generally regarded as the first comedy written in the English language.
Middle English Bible translations (1066-1500) covers the age of Middle English, beginning with the Norman conquest and ending about 1500.
Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is a collection of plays by William Shakespeare, commonly referred to by modern scholars as the First Folio, published in 1623, about seven years after Shakespeare's death. It is considered one of the most influential books ever published.
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples was a French theologian and a leading figure in French humanism. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France. The "d'Étaples" was not part of his name as such, but used to distinguish him from Jacques Lefèvre of Deventer, a less significant contemporary who was a friend and correspondent of Erasmus. Both are also sometimes called by the German version of their name, Jacob/Jakob Faber. He himself had a sometimes tense relationship with Erasmus, whose work on Biblical translation and in theology closely paralleled his own.
Johann Froben, in Latin: Johannes Frobenius, was a famous printer, publisher and learned Renaissance humanist in Basel. He was a close friend of Erasmus and cooperated closely with Hans Holbein the Younger. He made Basel one of the world's leading centres of the book trade. He passed his printing business on to his son, Hieronymus, and grandson, Ambrosius Frobenius.
Beatus Rhenanus, born as Beatus Bild, was a German humanist, religious reformer, classical scholar, and book collector.
False Folio is the term that Shakespeare scholars and bibliographers have applied to William Jaggard's printing of ten Shakespearean and pseudo-Shakespearean plays together in 1619, the first attempt to collect Shakespeare's work in a single volume. Publisher and bookseller Thomas Pavier is also implicated with 'printed for T.P.' appearing on the title pages.
Shakespeare's editors were essential in the development of the modern practice of producing printed books and the evolution of textual criticism.
Dirk Martens was a printer and editor in the County of Flanders. He published over fifty books by Erasmus and the very first edition of Thomas More's Utopia. He was the first to print Greek and Hebrew characters in the Netherlands. In 1856 a statue of Martens was erected on the main square of the town of his birth, Aalst.
William Leake, father and son, were London publishers and booksellers of the late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. They were responsible for a range of texts in English Renaissance drama and poetry, including works by Shakespeare and Beaumont and Fletcher.
Novum Instrumentum Omne, later called Novum Testamentum Omne, was a bilingual Latin-Greek New Testament with substantial scholarly annotations, and the first printed New Testament of the Greek to be published. It was prepared by Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) and printed by Johann Froben (1460–1527) of Basel.
Sigismund Gelenius, also known as Sigismund Gelen or Sigmund Gelen, was born as Czech: Zikmund Hrubý z Jelení, into a family of Bohemian nobles in Prague. He was an scholar of Greek and humanist, trained by the Cretan scholar Marcus Musurus. He initially studied in Prague and afterwards, on his father's suggestion, in Italy. After his studies he travelled in Italy, Germany and France. On his return he became dissatisfied with conditions at the Czech University and in 1523 or 1524 he moved to Basle, where he found a position as editor in the printing-house of Johann Froben, one of the most renowned of its day. He worked for some time with Erasmus and lived in his household.
The First tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus upon the new testament or the Paraphrase of Erasmus is the first volume of a book combining an English translation of the New Testament interleaved with an English translation of Desiderius Erasmus's Latin paraphrase of the New Testament. It was edited by Nicholas Udall and first published in January 1548 by Edward Whitchurch. The second volume was published in 1549. Translations were by Nicolas Udall, Catherine Parr, Thomas Key, Miles Coverdale, John Olde, Leonard Coxe, and Mary I of England.
The Bible translations into Latin date back to classical antiquity.
Conrad Goclenius was a Renaissance humanist, and Latin scholar, and the closest confidant of humanist Desiderius Erasmus, who was born in Mengeringhausen in the Landgraviate of Hesse in 1490, and died in Leuven on 25 January 1539.
John Oswen was an English printer.
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