The Hypoptopomatinae are a subfamily of catfishes of the family Loricariidae, composed of 17 genera and approximately 80 species. This subfamily represents about one-tenth of all loricariid species.
Microlepidogaster is a genus of armored catfishes native to South America.
Parotocinclus is a genus of fish in the family Loricariidae native to South America. This genus is distributed through almost all hydrographic systems in South America from the Guyana Shield drainages and Amazon Shield tributaries to the coastal drainages of eastern and southeastern Brazil, including the rio São Francisco basin. Most species have the caudal peduncle oval in cross section. It has been found that Characidium species may interact with P. maculicauda. The small Characidium will follow grazing P. maculicauda, which release particulate matter dislodged from the catfish's foraging.
Parotocinclus maculicauda is a species of fish in the family Loricariidae. The species was originally described by Franz Steindachner in 1877. It is endemic to Southeastern Brazil and inhabits rivers.
Parotocinclus adamanteus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Paraguaçu River basin in the state of Bahia in Brazil. A phylogenetic analysis reportedly indicates that P. adamanteus is most closely related to three other species in the genus Parotocinclus: P. jequi, P. prata, and P. robustus. The species was first described in 2019 by Edson H. L. Pereira, Alexandre Clistenes de A. Santos, Mário C. C. de Pinna, and Roberto E. Reis. FishBase does not list this species.
Parotocinclus arandai is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in tributaries of the Jucurucu River and the Buranhém River in Brazil. It is found in clear shallow waters with a depth of around 0.3 m and a substrate of sand or gravel. The species reaches 4.3 cm SL.
Parotocinclus robustus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. It is found in shallow rivers with slow to moderate flow speed, a depth of 0.4 to 1.5 m, mostly clear water, and a mixed substrate consisting of stones, gravel, sand, and occasionally mud. The environments inhabited by this species usually have marginal vegetation, which the fish is often found in association with. The species reaches 4.2 cm SL.
Parotocinclus bahiensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the state of Bahia in Brazil, for which it is named. It is a tropical freshwater species that reaches 3.1 cm SL.
Parotocinclus cearensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the state of Ceará in Brazil. The species reaches 5 cm SL.
Parotocinclus cristatus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known from coastal rivers near Ilhéus in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The species reaches 4 centimeters (1.6 in) in total length.
Parotocinclus halbothi is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Trombetas River basin in Brazil, as well as the Maroni basin in Suriname. The type locality of the species is a shallow, clear, unvegetated stream with a mixed substrate composed of gravel, sand, and leaf litter, though the fish is reported to be most frequently seen in portions of the stream with a gravel substrate. This species is noted to coexist with a variety of other fishes in its environment, including the genera Aequidens, Apistogramma, Bryconops, Callichthys, Copella, Erythrinus, Gymnorhamphichthys, Helogenes, Hoplias, Laimosemion, Mastiglanis, Pyrrhulina, and Synbranchus. It reaches 2 cm SL.
Parotocinclus haroldoi is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known from the state of Piauí in Brazil, with a 2020 redescription defining its range as the Parnaíba River basin. The species reaches 3.5 cm SL.
Parotocinclus cabessadecuia is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to South America, where it occurs in the Parnaíba River basin of Brazil, alongside its congeners Parotocinclus haroldoi and Parotocinclus cearensis. The species reaches at least 3.32 cm SL. It was described in 2017 by T. P. Ramos, S. M. Lima, and R. T. Ramos. FishBase does not list this species.
Parotocinclus jacksoni is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Mamanguape River basin in Brazil. The species is known to inhabit clean, fast-flowing rivers marginally vegetated by shrubs and trees, in areas with a substrate of rocks, gravel, and sand. It reportedly coexists with a variety of other fishes in its environment, including representatives of the genera Astyanax, Characidium, Compsura, Crenicichla, Hoplias, Hypostomus, Leporinus, Poecilia, Rhamdia, Serrapinnus, Steindachnerina, and Triportheus. The species reaches 4.2 cm SL and was described in 2021 by T. Ramos, S. Y. Lustosa-Costa, Luciano F. Barros-Neto, and J. E. Barbosa on the basis of morphological characteristics.
Parotocinclus muriaensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Paraíba do Sul basin in Brazil. The species reaches 3.1 cm SL.
Parotocinclus nandae is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Paraguaçu River basin in Bahia, Brazil. The species was described in 2020 by Pablo Lehmann A., Priscila Camelier, and Angela Zanata and is distinguished by its congeners by its unique color pattern and differences in several morphological characteristics. The species reaches at least 4.62 cm SL. Females of this species are noted to have thick and rough skin in the interradial membrane of the pelvic fin, a trait which has not been reported from any other member of the order Siluriformes.
Parotocinclus planicauda is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Suaçuí Pequeno River in Brazil. The species reaches 4.3 cm SL. It can reportedly be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a caudal peduncle with an almost quadrangular cross-section.
Parotocinclus seridoensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the upper basin of the Piranhas River in Brazil. The specific epithet of this species, seridoensis, refers to the Caatinga ecoregion of Brazil where the species is found, which is reportedly locally known as "Sertão do Seridó". The species reaches 4.3 cm SL.
Parotocinclus yaka is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Brazil, in tributaries of the Tiquié River, which is a tributary of the Vaupés River in the Amazon River basin. The species reaches at least 3.01 cm SL. It was described in 2018 by P. Lehmann A., F. C. T. Lima, and R. E. Reis on the basis of distinctive patterning and cheek morphology.
Parotocinclus hardmani is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in tributaries of the Potaro River, which is part of the Essequibo River basin in Guyana. It was described in February of 2022 by Pablo Lehmann A., Nathan K. Lujan, and Roberto E. Reis on the basis of its distinctive morphology. It is believed to be closely related to its congeners Parotocinclus collinsae and P. halbothi. The species reaches at least 2.43 cm in standard length.
