A particularly vulnerable tribal group or PVTG (previously known as a Primitive tribal group), in the context of India, is a sub-classification of Scheduled Tribe or section of a Scheduled Tribe, that is considered more vulnerable than a regular Scheduled Tribe. The PVTG list was created by the Indian Government with the purpose of better improving the living standards of endangered tribal groups based on priority. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one union territory. [1] [2]
The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) [3] found that within the Scheduled Tribe classification an inequality existed in the rate of development of certain tribes over others. As a result in the fourth Five Year Plan the sub-category "Primitive tribal group" was created within the grouping of Scheduled Tribe to identify groups considered to be especially lacking in modern development. The features of such a group include a pre-agricultural system of existence, that is practice of hunting and gathering, zero or negative population growth, and extremely low levels of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups. [4] [5]
Groups that satisfied any of the criteria were considered to be a Primitive Tribal Group. At the conclusion of the Fifth Five year plan, 52 communities were identified as being a "primitive tribal group" based on recommendations made by Indian state governments. [4] [5] At the conclusion of the Sixth Five year plan 20 additional groups were added and 2 more were added in the Seventh Five year plan and finally one more group was added in the eighth five-year plan, for a total 75 groups were identified as Primitive Tribal Group. [6] The 75th group recognised as PTG were the Maram in Manipur in 1993-94. No new group was declared as PTG on the basis of the 2001 census. [7]
In 2006 the government of India changed the name of "Primitive tribal group" to "Particularly vulnerable tribal group" [8] PTG has since been renamed Particularly vulnerable tribal group by the government of India. [9]
Until 2018 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups were not allowed contraceptive use by the Indian Government because of their often declining or stagnant population growth. Based on the assumption that allowing them to use contraception would hamper efforts to increase the size of their populations. However in 2018 the High Court of Chhattisgarh in a Public Interest Litigation found this to be a violation of their right to privacy and ruled that they had the right to contraceptives. The PVTG of Chhattisgarh got these rights amidst concerns of family planning amongst many of them particularly the Baigas. [10]
| Sl. No. | Name of PVTG | Notified State | Population (2011) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chenchu | Andhra Pradesh | 64227 |
| 2 | Bodo Gadaba | 38081 | |
| 3 | Gutob Gadaba | ||
| 4 | Dongria Khond | 103290 | |
| 5 | Kultia Khond | ||
| 6 | Kolam | 44912 | |
| 7 | Konda Reddi | 107747 | |
| 8 | Kondasavara | 139424 | |
| 9 | Bondo Porja | - | |
| 10 | Khond Porja | - | |
| 11 | Parengi Proja | 36502 | |
| 12 | Thoti | 4811 | |
| 13 | Asur | Bihar | 4129 |
| 14 | Birhor | 377 | |
| 15 | Birjia | 208 | |
| 16 | Hill Kharia | 11569 | |
| 17 | Korwa | 452 | |
| 18 | Mal Paharia | 2225 | |
| 19 | Parhaiya | 647 | |
| 20 | Sauria Paharia | 1932 | |
| 21 | Savar | 80 | |
| 29 | Kolgha | Gujarat | 67119 |
| 30 | Kathodi | 13632 | |
| 31 | Kotwalia | 24249 | |
| 32 | Padhar | 30932 | |
| 33 | Siddi | 8661 | |
| 34 | Asur | Jharkhand | 22459 |
| 35 | Birhor | 10726 | |
| 36 | Birjia | 6276 | |
| 37 | Hill Kharia | 196135 | |
| 38 | Korwa | 35606 | |
| 39 | Mal Paharia | 135797 | |
| 40 | Parhaiya | 25585 | |
| 41 | Sauria Paharia | 46222 | |
| 42 | Savar | 9688 | |
| 43 | Jenu Kuruba | Karnataka | 36076 |
| 44 | Koraga | 14794 | |
| 45 | Cholanai- kayan | Kerala | 124 |
| 46 | Kadar | 2949 | |
| 47 | Kattunayakan | 18199 | |
| 48 | Koraga | 1582 | |
| 49 | Kurumba | 2586 | |
| 50 | Abujh Maria | Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh | 5093124 |
| 51 | Baiga | 414526 | |
| 52 | Bharia | 193230 | |
| 53 | Birhor | 52 | |
| 54 | Hill Korwa | - | |
| 55 | Kamar | 666 | |
| 56 | Sahariya | 165 | |
| 57 | Katkari/ Kathodi | 285334 | |
| 58 | Kolam | 194671 | |
| 59 | Maria Gond | 1618090 | |
| 60 | Maram Naga | Manipur | 27524 |
| 61 | Chuktia Bhunjia | Orisha | 2378 |
| 62 | Birhor | 596 | |
| 63 | Bondo | 12231 | |
| 64 | Didayi | 8890 | |
| 65 | Dongria Khond | 6306 | |
| 66 | Juang | 47095 | |
| 67 | Kharia | 222844 | |
| 68 | Kutia Khond | 7232 | |
| 69 | Lanjia Saura | 5960 | |
| 70 | Lodha | 9785 | |
| 71 | Mankirdia | 2222 | |
| 72 | Paudi Bhuyan | 5788 | |
| 73 | Saura | 534751 | |
| 74 | Saharia | Rajasthan | 1,11,377 |
| 75 | Irular | Tamil Nadu | 189661 |
| 76 | Kattunayakan | 46672 | |
| 77 | Kota | 308 | |
| 78 | Korumba | 6823 | |
| 79 | Paniyan | 10134 | |
| 80 | Toda | 2002 | |
| 81 | Riang | Tripura | 1,88,220 |
| 82 | Buksa | Uttar Pradesh | 4710 |
| 83 | Raji | 2241 | |
| 84 | Buksa | Uttrakhand | 4710 |
| 85 | Raji | 1295 | |
| 86 | Birhor | West Bengal | 2241 |
| 87 | Lodha | 1,08,707 | |
| 88 | Toto | 66627 | |
| 89 | Great Andamanese | Andaman & Nico- bar Islands | 44 |
| 90 | Jarawa | 380 | |
| 91 | Onge | 101 | |
| 92 | Sentinelese | 15 | |
| 93 | Shompen | 229 |
Bastar is a district in the state of Chhattisgarh in Central India. Jagdalpur is the district headquarters. Bastar is bounded on the northwest by Narayanpur District, on the north by Kondagaon district, on the east by Nabarangpur and Koraput Districts of Odisha State, on the south and southwest by Dantewada and Sukma. The district possesses a unique blend of tribal and Odia culture.
The Adivasi are heterogeneous tribal groups across the Indian subcontinent. The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The Constitution of India does not use the word Adivasi, instead referring to Scheduled Tribes and Janjati. The government of India does not officially recognise tribes as indigenous people. The country ratified the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the United Nations (1957) and refused to sign the ILO Convention 169. Most of these groups are included in the Scheduled Tribe category under constitutional provisions in India.
Bhil or Bheel refer to various indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura. They speak various languages of Indo-Aryan origin, owing to language shift, collectively referred to as the Bhil languages. Bhils are divided into a number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories. For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes.
The Baiga are an ethnic group found in central India primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. The largest number of Baiga is found in Baiga-chuk in Mandla district and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. They have sub-castes: Bijhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai maina and Kath maina. The name Baiga means "sorcerer-medicine man".
Solanki also known as Chaulukya is a clan name originally associated with the Rajputs in Northern India but which has also been borrowed by other communities such as the Saharias as a means of advancement by the process of sanskritisation. Other groups that use the name include the Bhils of Rajasthan, Koḷis, Ghān̄cīs, Kumbhārs, Bāroṭs, Kaḍiyās, Darjīs, Mocīs, Ḍheḍhs, and Bhangīs.
There are 43 recognized Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh, India, three of which have been identified as "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups" or "PTGs". The population of Scheduled Tribals (ST) is 21.1 per cent of the state population, according to the 2011 census. Bounded by the Narmada River to the north and the Godavari River to the southeast, tribal peoples occupy the slopes of the region's mountains.
Bhunjias, are an ethnic group found in India mainly reside in Sunabeda plateau in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. They are mostly found in Nuapada district, which is roughly between 22° 55′ N and 21° 30′ N latitude and 82° 35′ E longitude. It was a part of Khariar Zamindari, which formed the eastern and the southeastern region of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh division in Central Province till 1 April 1936, when it was transferred to Odisha on its creation. It is now in Komna block of Nuapada district in Orissa. In Chhattisgarh they are found in Raipur district.
Asuri is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Asur people, part of the Munda branch. Asuri has many Dravidian loanwords due to contact with Kurukh.
Lodha people are one of Schedule Tribes and PVTGs of India, primarily living in West Bengal and Odisha. Lodhas of West Bengal mostly live the Paschim Medinipur and Jhargham districts. A section of the Lodha has converted to Islam, and formed a distinct community called the Lodha Muslims.
Family planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than tripled and the fertility rate has more than halved, but the national fertility rate in absolute numbers remains high, causing concern for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days. Extensive family planning has become a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.
Narayanpur district is one of the 33 districts of Chhattisgarh State in Central India. It is one of the two districts created on May 11, 2007. It was carved out from the erstwhile Bastar district. This district occupies an area of 6640 km2 and it had a population of 110,800 in 2001. Narayanpur town is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district comprises 366 villages. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
Kharwar is a community found in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and West Bengal.
The Koraga are a tribal community or indigenous community found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala, south India. These areas in Karnataka, are altogether often referred to as Tulunaad, which roughly corresponds to the boundaries of the erstwhile South Canara district. They are also found in small numbers in adjoining districts of Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Kodagu. The Koraga are classified by the Government of India as a particularly vulnerable tribal group.
The Katkari also called Kathodi, are an Indian tribe from Maharashtra. They have been categorised as a Scheduled tribe. They are bilingual, speaking the Katkari language, a dialect of the Marathi-Konkani languages, with each other; they speak Marathi with the Marathi speakers, who are a majority in the populace where they live. In Maharashtra the Katkari have been designated a Particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG), along with two other groups included in this sub-category: the Madia Gond and the Kolam. In the case of the Katkari this vulnerability derives from their history as a nomadic, forest-dwelling people listed by the British Raj under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, a stigma that continues to this day.
Kolam are a designated Scheduled Tribe in the Indian states of Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. They belong to the sub-category Particularly vulnerable tribal group, one of the three belonging to this sub-category, the others being Katkari and Madia Gond.
The Kudmi Mahato are a tribal community in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha of India. They are primarily agriculturalist.
Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narainpur (RKMN) is a branch centre of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in state of Chhattisgarh. It was founded on 2 August 1985 by Swami Atmananda to serve the tribals of the remote abujhmarh jungle. These tribals were mute victims of oppression and utter neglect for several centuries. The tribals, popularly known as 'Abujhmarias' have been categorised as particularly vulnerable tribal group by the government of India.