Paniya people

Paniya
	Paniya women in Kerala
Total population
	94,000
Regions with significant populations
	India
Kerala	88,450
Tamil Nadu	10,134
Languages
	Paniya language
Religion
	Hinduism, traditional religion, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
	Dravidian, Tamil, Malayali

Last updated April 16, 2024

The Paniya, also known as Paniyar and Paniyan, are an ethnic group of India. They constitute the single largest Scheduled Tribe in Kerala and are mainly found in the Wayanad District and the neighbouring areas of Karnataka. They primarily inhabit villages around edge of forestland in Kerala's Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts. The Paniya speak the Paniya language, which belongs to the Dravidian family, closely related to Malayalam. The center of the bonding contracts was the famous temple of the regional mother goddess of the Valliyoorkkavu shrine near Mananthavady.^[1]

History

There is a theory that the Paniyas were brought to Wayand by the Jain Gounders who trained them to be agricultural labourers in their fields (Thurston, 1909).

The Paniya have historically worked as agricultural labourers. They are believed to have been brought to Wayanad by the king of Malabar, and thereafter tilled the land as serfs. Following the abolishment of the slave-holding system, the Paniya were resettled in different areas established by the government.^[2]

Paniyas were also historically reputed for their boldness and recklessness. For this reason, they were often employed as thieves.^[3]

The Paniya today are a scheduled tribe.^[4] One particular sub-group of theirs, the Kattupaniyar, inhabits the forest region of Nilambur in the Malappuram District. Here, members lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.^[2]

Demographics

The Paniya mainly inhabit Kerala, and the Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts of India. Others reside in Tamil Nadu, the area west of the Nilgiris hills, as well as the Kodagu District of Karnataka.^[4] Their total population depends on agriculture and agriculture labour for their livelihood.

Their population has remained unchanged during this decade (2003).^[4] and nearly 67,948 live in the Kerala hills, notably fringes of Western Ghats.^[2] People's Action for Educational and Economic development of Tribal People (PEEP) which has been working among Paniya settlers of Kerala since 2005 to promote literacy and improving economic status of the group.

Language

The Paniya speak the Paniya language as a mother tongue. A member of the Dravidian family, it is most closely related to Malayalam, Kadar, Ravula and other Dravidian languages.^[4]

Paniya is spoken both at home and during religious ceremonies. Some Paniyas also use other Dravidian languages such as Malayalam, Tamil or Kannada.^[4]

Paniyas use different writing systems depending on where in India they reside. Those in Karnataka use the Kannada script, those in Kerala write in the Malayalam script, while the Paniya in Tamil Nadu use the Tamil script.^[4]

Culture

Paniyas typically live in villages (padis) consisting of a few huts (pire or chala) with courtyards. Each hut settlement contains 5 to 15 families.^[5]

For attire, Paniya males wear a lengthy cloth wrapped around the waist, which is known as a mundu. A smaller mundu is also slung over the shoulders to cover the body. Paniya females or panichi don a long cloth, with a smaller one above the breast area and around the armpits. In addition, they wear a red or black aratti scarf around the waist. Land grabbers and poachers exploit them by encouraging drinking habit, sexual infidelity and other vices. PEEP Wayanad also organises various events to spread awareness on social menaces like alcoholism and chewing tobacco. Street plays in the local language has been staged at several forest settlements.^[5]

The Paniyas bury their dead in formal funeral rites. Typically, the place of burial is close to the padi. The interment is accompanied by a seven-day mourning period by family members.^[5]

Religion

The modern Paniya practice a variety of faiths. Among these are Hinduism with local traditional beliefs, and minority follow Christianity.^[4] Their chief deities are Kuttichathan, Kattu-bhagavathi or Kaali of the forest, Mariyamma and Ayyappan are the chief God and Goddess. Valliyoorkkavu (temple) is where their prominent festivals take place which can be fall in the months of February, March and April. The worship of banyan tree is very significant in their unseen world, they are considered sacred.^[6]

Related Research Articles

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Thrikkaipatta is a village in Wayanad district in the state of Kerala, India Wayanad District is a district in the north-east of Kerala state, India with headquarters at the town of Kalpetta.

The population of Kerala, India is a heterogenous group that comprises many ethnic groups that originated in other parts of India as well as the world, with distinctive cultural and religious traditions. While the majority of Keralites speak the Malayalam language, various ethnic groups may speak other languages as well.

Gudalur taluk is a taluk of Nilgiris district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Gudalur.

Pandalur taluk is a taluk of Nilgiris district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Pandalur.

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The district capital of Wayanad is Kalpetta town. Kalpetta has very good road connectivity with the rest of Kerala and neighboring South Indian cities. National Highway 766 (India) NH766 connects Kalpetta with Kozhikode and Mysore. State Highways connect Kalpetta with Ooty in Tamil Nadu and Madikeri in Karnataka.

Wayanad district, which is home to Edakkal Caves, has human settlement from prehistoric era. Wayanad is the sole Plateau in Kerala. The tribal dialects of Wayanad like the Ravula language and the Paniya language are closely related to Malayalam.

Jenu Kurumba, also known as Jen Kurumba or Jennu Kurumba, is a Southern Dravidian language of the Tamil–Kannada subgroup spoken by the Jennu Kurumba/Kattunayakan tribe. It is often considered to constitute a dialect of Kannada; however, Ethnologue classifies it as a separate language. Jenu Kurumba speakers are situated on the Nilgiri Hills cross-border area between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, Mysore and Kodagu districts of Karnataka, and Wayanad district of Kerala. The speakers of the language call it "nama basha".

References

↑ "Wild Food Report" (PDF).
1 2 3 "Major Tribals in Kerala". FocusonPeople. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
↑ Keane, A. H. "Man, Past and Present". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Paniya: A Language of India". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
1 2 3 Varghese, T. "Socio-Economic Profile of Paniya Tribe" (PDF). Shodhganga. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
↑ Nambiar, A. C. K. (2005). Population, Development, and the Environment: The Dynamic Interface. Serials Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-86771-59-4.

External links

Paniya: A Language of India

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[MSSRF-1] "Wild Food Report" (PDF).

[Kerala-2] 1 2 3 "Major Tribals in Kerala". FocusonPeople. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[Keane-3] Keane, A. H. "Man, Past and Present". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[Pcg-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Paniya: A Language of India". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[Varghese-5] 1 2 3 Varghese, T. "Socio-Economic Profile of Paniya Tribe" (PDF). Shodhganga. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[6] Nambiar, A. C. K. (2005). Population, Development, and the Environment: The Dynamic Interface. Serials Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-86771-59-4.

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