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This article concerns the period 319 BC – 310 BC.
Year 321 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calvinus and Caudinus. The denomination 321 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Seleucus I Nicator was a Macedonian Greek general who was one of the officers and successors (diadochi) of Alexander the Great. He is the founder of the eponymous Seleucid Empire. In the power struggles that followed Alexander's death, Seleucus rose from being a secondary player to becoming ruler of Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Iranian Plateau, eventually assuming the title of basileus (king). The state he established on these territories, the Seleucid Empire, was one of the major powers of the Hellenistic world, until being overcome by the Roman Republic and Parthian Empire in the late second and early first centuries BC.
Perdiccas was a general of Alexander the Great. He took part in the Macedonian campaign against the Achaemenid Empire, and, following Alexander's death in 323 BC, rose to become supreme commander of the imperial army, as well as regent for Alexander's half brother and intellectually disabled successor, Philip Arridaeus.
Antigonus I Monophthalmus, son of Philip from Elimeia, was a Macedonian Greek nobleman, general, satrap, and king. During the first half of his life he served under Philip II; after Philip's death in 336 BC, he served Philip's son Alexander. He was a major figure in the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexander's death, declaring himself king in 306 BC and establishing the Antigonid dynasty.
Alexander IV, sometimes erroneously called Aegus in modern times, was the son of Alexander the Great and Princess Roxana of Bactria.
The Diadochi were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BCE. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River Valley.
The Wars of the Diadochi, or Wars of Alexander's Successors, were a series of conflicts that were fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death. The fighting occurred between 322 and 281 BC.
Eumenes was a Greek general and satrap. He participated in the Wars of Alexander the Great, serving as both Alexander's personal secretary and as a battlefield commander. He later was a participant in the Wars of the Diadochi as a supporter of the Macedonian Argead royal house. He was executed after the Battle of Gabiene in 316 BC.
Peithon or Pithon was the son of Crateuas, a nobleman from Eordaia in western Macedonia. He was famous for being one of the bodyguards of Alexander the Great, becoming the later satrap of Media, and claiming to be one of the diadochi.
Asander or Asandros was the brother of Parmenion and Agathon, and uncle of Philotas. He was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, and satrap of Lydia from 334 BC as well as satrap of Caria after Alexander's death. During Alexander's reign Asander' s position suffered for a period following Parmenion's execution, he was sent to Media to gather reinforcements during this time, and a year later was sent to Bactra.
Arrhidaeus or Arrhidaios, one of Alexander the Great's generals, was entrusted by Ptolemy to bring Alexander's body to Egypt in 323 BC, contrary to the wishes of Perdiccas who wanted the body sent to Macedonia. On the murder of Perdiccas in Egypt in 321 BC, Arrhidaeus and Peithon were appointed temporary commanders in chief, but through the intrigues of the queen Eurydice they were obliged to resign soon afterwards their office at Triparadisus in Northern Syria. On the division of the provinces which was decided by those attending Triparadisus, Arrhidaeus obtained the Hellespontine Phrygia. In 319 BC, after the death of Antipater, Arrhidaeus made an unsuccessful attack upon Cyzicus; and Antigonus gladly seized this pretext to require him to resign his satrapy. Arrhidaeus, however, refused to resign and shut himself up in Cius.
Cleitus (Clitus) the White was an officer of Alexander the Great surnamed "White" to distinguish him from Cleitus the Black. He is noted by Athenaeus and Aelian for his pomp and luxury, and is probably the same who is mentioned by Justin among the veterans sent home to Macedonia under Craterus in 324 BC.
Sibyrtius was a Greek officer from Crete in the service of Alexander the Great, who was the satrap of Arachosia and Gedrosia shortly after the death of Alexander until about 303 BC.
The Partition of Babylon was the first of the conferences and ensuing agreements that divided the territories of Alexander the Great. It was held at Babylon in June 323 BC. Alexander’s death at the age of 32 had left an empire that stretched from Greece all the way to India. The issue of succession resulted from the claims of the various supporters of Philip Arrhidaeus, and the as-of-then unborn child of Alexander and Roxana, among others. The settlement saw Arrhidaeus and Alexander’s child designated as joint kings with Perdiccas serving as regent. The territories of the empire became satrapies divided between the senior officers of the Macedonian army and some local governors and rulers. The partition was solidified at the further agreements at Triparadisus and Persepolis over the following years and began the series of conflicts that comprise the Wars of the Diadochi.
The Second War of the Diadochi was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon, Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater.
Eurydice was the Queen of Macedon, wife of Philip III, daughter of Amyntas IV, son of Perdiccas III, and Cynane, daughter of Philip II and his first wife Audata.
The Battle of Byzantium (Byzantion) was a battle in the wars of the successors of Alexander the Great between the generals Antigonus Monopthalmus and Cleitus the White. It was a two-day-battle fought near Byzantium at the Hellespont in 317 BC and resulted in a stunning Antigonid victory.
References
- ↑ Thirlwall, Connop (1852). "Chapter LVII. Partition of Triparadisus". The History of Greece. Vol. VII. London, United Kingdom: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 245–246 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Pitt 2016, p. 34, Chapter 2: Methodology.
- ↑ Pitt 2016, p. 2, Chapter 1: Introduction.
- ↑ Sylwester, Kevin (1 November 2016). "Appendix: Documentation Regarding Empires" (PDF). On the Duration of Empires (PDF). NIU Department of Economics/SIU School of Analytics, Finance and Economics. DeKalb, Illinois, United States: Northern Illinois University (NIU)/Southern Illinois University (SIU). p. 37.
- ↑ Tao, Jonathan C. (1 August 2021). "1. Religious Networks of Collaboration: Temple Elite and Scribal Community" (PDF). In Kearns, Catherine; Pillai, Sarath (eds.). Exploitation of Diversity: Seleucid Strategy of Cultural Interaction in Mesopotamia, 311 - 261 BC (PDF). UC Social Sciences Division (MSc). Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago (UC). p. 8. doi:10.6082/uchicago.3204.
- ↑ Pitt 2016, p. 27, Chapter 2: Methodology.
- ↑ Siculus 1933, pp. 5–87, Book XVIII.
- ↑ Siculus 1933, pp. 191–263, Book XX.
- ↑ Lloyd, Alan B. (13 November 2019). "Chapter 6. The Defence of Egypt in the Fourth Century BC: Forts and Sundry Failures". In Armstrong, Jeremy; Trundle, Matthew (eds.). Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean. Brill's Companions to Classical Studies: Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Vol. 3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 111–134. doi:10.1163/9789004413740_007. ISBN 9789004413740. LCCN 2019040236. S2CID 213260321 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 Photius (1920). "92. Arrian, Continuation". In Pearse, Roger (ed.). Bibliotheca. Translated by John Henry Freese. London, United Kingdom: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. OCLC 156081816 – via The Tertullian Project.
- ↑ Slade, Stuart (2014). "Part Three: Third Diadochi War (315-312 BC) [Chapter Two: A War of Alliances]". Alexander's Generals. Lion Publications. p. 227. ISBN 9781939335340 – via Google Books.