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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds.In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria, are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Epsilonproteobacteria are a class of Proteobacteria. All species of this class are, like all Proteobacteria, Gram-negative.
Sulfurovum is a genus within the Epsilonproteobacteria which was first described in 2004 with the isolation and description of the type species Sulfurovum lithotrophicum from Okinawa trough hydrothermal sediments. Named for their ability to oxidize sulfur and their egg-like shape, cells are gram-negative, coccoid to short rods. Mesophilic chemolithoautotrophic growth occurs by oxidation of sulfur compounds coupled to the reduction of nitrate or molecular oxygen.
Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum is a species of Sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, non-spore-forming, marine species, with type strain SL6T.
Sulfurovum lithotrophicum is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments. It is mesophilic and also oxidises thiosulfate. It is a Gram-negative, non-motile and coccoid to oval-shaped bacterium. The type strain is 42BKTT.
Sulfurimonas paralvinellae is a hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium. It is a mesophilic chemolithoautotroph.
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus is a species of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. It is anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile and has polar flagella. The type strain is AM1116T.
Chelatococcus sambhunathii is a gram-negative, aerobic catalase- and oxidase-positive motile bacteria with a single polar flagellum from the genus of Chelatococcus which was isolated from sediment of a hot sulfur spring in Orissa in India.
Pseudolabrys is a genus of bacteria from the family of Nitrobacteraceae. Up to now, only one species of this genus is known.
Pseudolabrys taiwanensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria from the family of Nitrobacteraceae which has been isolated from soil from Sinshe in Taichung County in Taiwan.
Parvibaculum lavamentivorans is a bacterium species from the genus of Parvibaculum which has been isolated from activated sludge in Germany. Parvibaculum lavamentivorans can metabolize linear alkylbenzenesulfonates like alkyldiphenyletherdisulfonate.
Psychroflexus sediminis is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, slightly halophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Psychroflexus which has been isolated from a salt lake in Qaidam Basin in China.
Belnapia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Acetobacteraceae.
Phorcysia is a bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae.
Hippea alviniae is a thermoacidophilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Hippea which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Amylibacter is a genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae.
Nautilia abyssi is a thermophilic, sulfur-reducing and strictly anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal chimney from the East Pacific Rise.
Nautilia nitratireducens is a Gram-negative thermophilic, chemosynthetic, anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminibacter mediatlanticus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Caminibacter which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Thioreductor is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing and motile genus of bacteria from the family of unclassified Epsilonproteobacteria with one known species. Thioreductor micantisoli has been isolated from hydrothermal sediments from the Iheya North from the Mid-Okinawa Trough in Japan.
References
- 1 2 LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ Straininfo of Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum
- 1 2 Rosario-Passapera, R; Keddis, R; Wong, R; Lutz, RA; Starovoytov, V; Vetriani, C (December 2012). "Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov., a mesophilic, alkane-oxidizing alphaproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 12): 2921–6. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.039594-0. PMID 22268074.
- ↑ UniProt
- 1 2 Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen