Patrick Druckenmiller

Last updated
Patrick Druckenmiller
Excavated pleiosaur.jpg
Druckenmiller on a dig in 2011 (second right)
Born
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.
SpouseLisa Druckenmiller
Scientific career
Fields Paleontology
Institutions University of Alaska Museum of the North, Paleo Arctic Research Consortium

Patrick Scott Druckenmiller is a Mesozoic paleontologist, taxonomist, associate professor of geology, Earth Sciences curator, and museum director [1] [2] of the University of Alaska Museum of the North, where he oversees the largest single collection of Alaskan invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. [3] He has published work on plesiosaurs, [4] [5] [6] ichthyosaurs, [7] [8] [9] mastodons, [10] and dinosaurs [11] [12] [13] in the United States, Svalbard, and Canada. He has co-authored papers on discussions of mass extinctions [14] and biogeography. Much of his work has focused on Arctic species. [15] He is a member of the Spitsbergen Jurassic Research group, which focuses on marine reptiles. [16]

Contents

Education

Druckenmiller has served as a curator and as a faculty member in the University of Alaska, Fairbanks since 2007. Druckenmiller worked at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, before coming to Alaska. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Calgary in Alberta and a master's degree from Montana State University in Bozeman, where he worked under paleontologist Jack Horner. [17]

Arctic research

Much of Druckenmiller's work focuses on cold-hardy, high-latitude prehistoric animals. [18] In 2015, he and his student named a new species of a duck-billed, plant-eating dinosaur, Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis , [19] that apparently lived in the snowy Arctic year-round. [20] His Arctic research received media attention from National Geographic that wrote about Ugrunaaluk : "The image of tyrannosaurs, horned dinosaurs, and hadrosaurs walking through the cool forests of ancient Alaska has run so counter to the classic Mesozoic imagery that it’s not surprising that this environment has been the subject of several recent documentaries and even a feature film." [19]

Druckenmiller has worked extensively on ichnofossils, [21] including fossil track sites in Denali National Park and Svalbard. [22] Druckenmiller started a five-year project in Denali in partnership with the Park Service to investigate the surrounding polar dinosaurs. As part of this project, they found the first fossilized bone in the park. [23]

Druckenmiller has also extensively studied high latitude marine reptiles, describing several new species. These include the thalattosaur Gunakadeit joseeae from the Hound Island Volcanics of Alaska, [24] the plesiosaur Edgarosaurus muddi from the Thermopolis Shale of Montana [25] the plesiosaurs Nichollssaura borealis [26] and Wapuskanectes betsynichollsae [27] and the ichthyosaur Athabascasaurus bitumineus from the Clearwater Formation of Alberta, [28] and the plesiosaurs Ophthalmothule cryostea , [29] Djupedalia engeri, [30] Spitrasaurus larseni , and Spitrasaurus wensaasi, [31] the pliosaur Pliosaurus funkei, [32] and the ichthyosaurs Cryopterygius kristiansenae , [33] Keilhauia nui , [34] and Palvennia hoybergeti from the Agardhfjellet Formation. [33]

Druckenmiller has also contributed to the study of Pleistocene megafauna, having coauthored papers on the lifetime movement patterns of woolly mammoths [35] and of steppe bison, [36] the dietary ecology of wild horses and steppe bison on the mammoth steppe of Alaska, [37] and the changes in geographic distribution of American mastodons in response to climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. [38]

Druckenmiller's expertise in organizing safe and successful expeditions into the Arctic was the subject of a Nature article, where Druckenmiller credits his expedition success to the good food. "Good food — high quality and in copious amounts — is essential...After 30 field seasons, Druckenmiller needs only a dry tent to be happy. But he keeps a sharp eye out for anyone who might be overwhelmed by miserable conditions." [39]

Below is a list of taxa that Druckenmiller has contributed to naming:

YearTaxonAuthors
2020 Ophthalmothule cryostea gen. et sp. nov.Roberts, Druckenmiller, Cordonnier, Delsett, & Hurum [29]
2020 Gunakadeit joseeae gen. et sp. nov.Druckenmiller, Kelley, Metz, & Baichtal [24]
2017 Keilhauia nui gen. et sp. nov.Delsett, Roberts, Druckenmiller, & Hurum [34]
2014 Janusaurus lundi gen. et sp. nov.Roberts, Druckenmiller, Saetre, & Hurum [40]
2012 Palvennia hoybergeti gen. et sp. nov.Druckenmiller, Hurum, Knutsen, & Nakrem [33]
2012 Spitrasaurus larseni sp. nov.Knutsen, Druckenmiller, & Hurum [31]
2012 Spitrasaurus wensaasi gen. et sp. nov.Knutsen, Druckenmiller, & Hurum [31]
2012 Djupedalia engeri gen. et sp. nov.Knutsen, Druckenmiller, & Hurum [30]
2012 Pliosaurus funkei sp. nov.Knutsen, Druckenmiller, & Hurum [32]
2010 Athabascasaurus bitumineus gen. et sp. nov.Druckenmiller & Maxwell [28]
2009 Nichollssaura borealis gen. et comb. nov.Druckenmiller & Russell [26]
2006 Wapuskanectes betsynichollsae gen. et sp. nov.Druckenmiller & Russell [27]
2002 Edgarosaurus muddi gen. et sp. nov.Druckenmiller [25]

Predator X

In 2009, Druckenmiller was part of the History Channel documentary Predator X, [41] to discuss his find in Svalbard of a pliosaur suggested to have a bite four times stronger than Tyrannosaurus rex . [42] Druckenmiller and his colleagues were later interviewed by National Geographic, [42] The Link, Live Science, [43] and FoxNews. In the Norwegian Journal of Geology, Druckenmiller and colleagues named the creature Pliosaurus funkei. A fictional movie titled "Extinction: Predator X" was apparently inspired by the documentary and dig. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pliosauroidea</span> Extinct clade of reptiles

Pliosauroidea is an extinct clade of plesiosaurs, known from the earliest Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous. They are best known for the subclade Thalassophonea, which contained crocodile-like short-necked forms with large heads and massive toothed jaws, commonly known as pliosaurs. More primitive non-thalassophonean pliosauroids resembled plesiosaurs in possessing relatively long necks and smaller heads. They originally included only members of the family Pliosauridae, of the order Plesiosauria, but several other genera and families are now also included, the number and details of which vary according to the classification used.

<i>Umoonasaurus</i> Extinct species of reptile

Umoonasaurus is an extinct genus of plesiosaur belonging to the family Leptocleididae. This genus lived approximately 115 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous period, in shallow seas covering parts of what is now Australia. It was a relatively small animal around 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long. An identifying trait of Umoonasaurus is the presence of three crest-ridges on its skull.

<i>Plesiopleurodon</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Plesiopleurodon is an extinct genus of Mesozoic marine reptiles, belonging to the Sauropterygia, known from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It was named by Kenneth Carpenter based on a complete skull with a mandible, cervical vertebra, and a coracoid. In naming the specimen, Carpenter noted "Of all known pliosauroids, Plesiopleurodon wellesi most closely resembles Liopleurodon ferox from the Oxfordian of Europe, hence the generic reference." It was initially described as a pliosauroid due to it short neck, a common trait of the superfamily. However, later exploration into the relationships of both groups indicate that not all pliosauroids have short necks and not all plesiosauroids have long necks. Later research indicates it is a member of the Polycotylidae, within the clade Occultonectia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycotylidae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae. They are known as false pliosaurs. Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous. Several species survived into the final stage of the Cretaceous, the early Maastrichtian around 72 million years ago. The possible latest surviving member Rarosaurus from the late Maastrichtian is more likely a crocodylomorph.

<i>Nichollssaura</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Nichollssaura is an extinct genus of leptocleidid plesiosaur from the Early Cretaceous Boreal Sea of North America. The type species is N. borealis, found in the early Albian age Clearwater Formation near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada.

<i>Undorosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Undorosaurus is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur known from western Russia, Svalbard, and Poland. It was a large ichthyosaur, with the type species measuring 4–6 metres (13–20 ft) long.

<i>Nannopterygius</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Nannopterygius is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur that lived during the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. Fossils are known from England, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Norway and six species are currently assigned to the genus.

<i>Tricleidus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Tricleidus is an extinct genus of cryptoclidid plesiosaur known from only specimen from the middle Jurassic of United Kingdom. It was first named by Andrews in 1909 and the type species is Tricleidus seeleyi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jørn Hurum</span> Norwegian paleontologist

Jørn Harald Hurum is a Norwegian paleontologist and popularizer of science. He is a vertebrate paleontologist and holds an associate professor position at the Natural History Museum of the University of Oslo. He has studied dinosaurs, primitive mammals and plesiosaurs.

<i>Arthropterygius</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Arthropterygius is a widespread genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur which existed in Canada, Norway, Russia, and Argentina from the late Jurassic period and possibly to the earliest Cretaceous.

Djupedalia is an extinct genus of cryptoclidid plesiosauroid plesiosaur known from the uppermost Jurassic of central Spitsbergen, Norway. It is named after Øystein Djupedal, the former Minister of Education and Research who helped fund the fossil excavation with a budget of 1.2 million Norwegian kroner.

Spitrasaurus is an extinct genus of cryptoclidid plesiosauroid plesiosaur known from the uppermost Jurassic of central Spitsbergen, Norway and likely also Kimmeridge, England. It is named after a syllabic abbreviation for Spitsbergen Travel. Two species have been named: Spitrasaurus wensaasi, honouring volunteer Tommy Wensås, and Spitrasaurus larseni honouring volunteer Stig Larsen.

Palvennia is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurian known from the uppermost Jurassic of Central Spitsbergen, Norway. It was named for PalVenn, the Friends of the Palaeontological Museum in Oslo, whose expedition led to the discovery of the type specimen. Palvennia was a medium-sized ichthyosaur, measuring 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) long. It was originally known from a single skull from the Slottsmøya Member of the Agardhfjellet Formation that measures 86 cm long. It is unusual in having a very short rostrum, similar to Ichthyosaurus breviceps. Because of this, the orbit seems very large, but this may be effected by crushing. The single and only known species is Palvennia hoybergeti Druckenmiller et al., 2012. A second specimen, which included both cranial and anterior postcranial material, was described in 2018. In 2019, Palvennia was synonymized with Arthropterygius, though maintained as a separate species, by Nikolay Zverkov and Natalya Prilepskaya, although this synonymy was objected to later that same year by Lene Delsett and colleagues, who maintained that they were sufficiently different to warrant separate genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of plesiosaur research</span>

This timeline of plesiosaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, taxonomic revisions, and cultural portrayals of plesiosaurs, an order of marine reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic Era. The first scientifically documented plesiosaur fossils were discovered during the early 19th century by Mary Anning. Plesiosaurs were actually discovered and described before dinosaurs. They were also among the first animals to be featured in artistic reconstructions of the ancient world, and therefore among the earliest prehistoric creatures to attract the attention of the lay public. Plesiosaurs were originally thought to be a kind of primitive transitional form between marine life and terrestrial reptiles. However, now plesiosaurs are recognized as highly derived marine reptiles descended from terrestrial ancestors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agardhfjellet Formation</span> Geological formation in Svalbard, Norway

The Agardhfjellet Formation is a geologic formation in Svalbard, Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Oxfordian to Berriasian stages, spanning the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous boundary. The formation contains the Slottsmøya Member, a highly fossiliferous unit (Lagerstätte) where many ichthyosaur and plesiosaur fossils have been found, as well as abundant and well preserved fossils of invertebrates.

Janusaurus is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of Central Spitsbergen. The holotype consists of a partial skull and postcrania, and would have belonged to an individual measuring 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) long. In 2019, Janusaurus was synonymized with Arthropterygius, though maintained as a separate species, by Nikolay Zverkov and Natalya Prilepskaya, although this synonymy was objected to later that same year by Lene Delsett and colleagues, who maintained that they were sufficiently different to warrant separate genera.

<i>Keilhauia</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Keilhauia is a genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, a type of dolphin-like, large-eyed marine reptile, from the Early Cretaceous shallow marine Slottsmøya Member of the Agardhfjellet Formation in Svalbard, Norway. The genus contains a single species, K. nui, known from a single specimen discovered in 2010 and described by Delsett et al. in 2017. In life, Keilhauia probably measured approximately 4 metres (13 ft) in length; it can be distinguished by other ophthalmosaurids by the wide top end of its ilium and the relatively short ischiopubis compared to the femur. Although it was placed in a basal position within the Ophthalmosauridae by phylogenetic analysis, this placement is probably incorrect.

<i>Ophthalmothule</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Ophthalmothule, was a cryptoclidid plesiosaur dating to the latest Volgian, found in the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte of the Agardhfjellet Formation in Spitsbergen. The type species is O. cryostea.

References

  1. ↑ "Dr. Pat Druckenmiller | Museum". www.uaf.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  2. ↑ says, Hannah Foss (2018-07-19). "New director selected for UA Museum of the North". UAF news and information. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  3. ↑ "Patrick Druckenmiller". epicc.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  4. ↑ Benson, Roger B. J.; Evans, Mark; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (2012-03-16). "High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31838. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731838B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031838 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3306369 . PMID   22438869.
  5. ↑ Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Russell, Anthony P. (2008-03-07). "Skeletal anatomy of an exceptionally complete specimen of a new genus of plesiosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) of northeastern Alberta, Canada". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 283 (1–3): 1–33. Bibcode:2008PalAA.283....1D. doi:10.1127/pala/283/2008/1. ISSN   0375-0442.
  6. ↑ Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Russell, Anthony P. (November 2009). "Earliest North American occurrence of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 981–989. Bibcode:2009JPal...83..981D. doi:10.1666/09-014.1. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130695434.
  7. ↑ Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Maxwell, Erin E. (August 2010). "A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47 (8): 1037–1053. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1037D. doi:10.1139/e10-028. ISSN   0008-4077.
  8. ↑ Roberts, Aubrey Jane; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Sætre, Glenn-Peter; Hurum, Jørn Harald (2014-08-01). "A New Upper Jurassic Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of Central Spitsbergen" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e103152. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3152R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103152 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4118863 . PMID   25084533.
  9. ↑ Maxwell, Erin E.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (2011-05-03). "A small ichthyosaur from the Clearwater Formation (Alberta, Canada) and a discussion of the taxonomic utility of the pectoral girdle". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (4): 457–463. Bibcode:2011PalZ...85..457M. doi:10.1007/s12542-011-0106-0. ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   129633686.
  10. ↑ Zazula, Grant D.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Metcalfe, Jessica Z.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Brock, Fiona; Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Groves, Pamela; Harington, C. Richard; Hodgins, Gregory W. L. (2014-12-01). "American mastodon extirpation in the Arctic and Subarctic predates human colonization and terminal Pleistocene climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (52): 18460–18465. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11118460Z. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416072111 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   4284604 . PMID   25453065.
  11. ↑ Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (December 2011). "Longevity and growth rate estimates for a polar dinosaur: aPachyrhinosaurus(Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) specimen from the North Slope of Alaska showing a complete developmental record". Historical Biology. 23 (4): 327–334. Bibcode:2011HBio...23..327E. doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.546856. ISSN   0891-2963. S2CID   129724501.
  12. ↑ Brown, Caleb Marshall; Druckenmiller, Patrick (September 2011). "Basal ornithopod (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (early Maastrichtian) of Alaska". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (9): 1342–1354. Bibcode:2011CaJES..48.1342B. doi:10.1139/e11-017. ISSN   0008-4077.
  13. ↑ Mori, Hirotsugu; Druckenmiller, Patrick; Erickson, Gregory (2016). "A new Arctic hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Prince Creek Formation (lower Maastrichtian) of northern Alaska". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi: 10.4202/app.00152.2015 . ISSN   0567-7920.
  14. ↑ Benson, Roger B. J.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (13 April 2013). "Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition". Biological Reviews. 89 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/brv.12038. ISSN   1464-7931. PMID   23581455. S2CID   19710180.
  15. ↑ Patrick., Druckenmiller (2008), Polar dinosaurs : living the high life in the age of dinosaurs, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, ISBN   9780915360314, OCLC   229900468
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  17. ↑ "New Director Selected for UA Museum of the North". www.akbizmag.com. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  18. ↑ "Grant funds study of the Arctic's Cretaceous creatures". UAF news and information. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  19. 1 2 "The Arctic's "Edmontosaurus" Gets a New Name". Science & Innovation. 2015-09-23. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  20. ↑ Chinsamy, Anusuya; Thomas, Daniel B.; Tumarkin-Deratzian, Allison R.; Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2012-02-17). "Hadrosaurs Were Perennial Polar Residents". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 295 (4): 610–614. doi: 10.1002/ar.22428 . ISSN   1932-8486. PMID   22344791.
  21. ↑ News-Miner, Theresa Bakker, For the (19 February 2017). "New digs, new discoveries and new dinosaurs in Alaska". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved 2018-12-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "Dinosaur Footprints on the Roof… Of the World! – National Geographic Blog". blog.nationalgeographic.org. 2014-08-06. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  23. ↑ "Where the Wild Things Were". National Parks Conservation Association. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  24. 1 2 Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Kelley, Neil P.; Metz, Eric T.; Baichtal, James (4 February 2020). "An articulated Late Triassic (Norian) thalattosauroid from Alaska and ecomorphology and extinction of Thalattosauria". Scientific Reports . 10 (1): 1746. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.1746D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57939-2. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   7000825 . PMID   32019943.
  25. 1 2 Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott (14 March 2002). "Osteology of a new plesiosaur from the lower Cretaceous (Albian) Thermopolis Shale of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 22 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0029:OOANPF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Taylor and Francis Online.
  26. 1 2 Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Russell, Anthony P. (12 March 2009). "The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 29 (1): 276. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..276D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Taylor and Francis Online.
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  28. 1 2 Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Maxwell, Erin E. (20 August 2010). Sues, Hans (ed.). "A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 47 (8): 1037–1053. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1037D. doi:10.1139/E10-028. ISSN   0008-4077 . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Canadian Science Publishing.
  29. 1 2 Roberts, Aubrey Jane; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Cordonnier, Benoit; Delsett, Lene L.; Hurum, Jørn H. (31 March 2020). "A new plesiosaurian from the Jurassic–Cretaceous transitional interval of the Slottsmøya Member (Volgian), with insights into the cranial anatomy of cryptoclidids using computed tomography". PeerJ . 8: e8652. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8652 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7120097 . PMID   32266112.
  30. 1 2 Knutsen, Espen M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Hurum, Jørn H. (January 2012). "A new plesiosauroid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Middle Volgian) of central Spitsbergen, Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via ResearchGate.
  31. 1 2 3 Knutsen, Espen M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Hurum, Jørn H. (January 2012). "Two new species of long-necked plesiosaurians (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Jurassic (Middle Volgian) Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen". Norwegian Journal of Geology . 92 (2–3): 187–212. Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Research Gate.
  32. 1 2 Knutsen, Espen M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Hurum, Jørn H. (January 2012). "A new species of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Volgian of central Spitsbergen, Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92: 235–258. ISSN   1502-5322 . Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Hurum, Jørn H.; Knutsen, Espen M.; Nakrem, Hans Arne (January 2012). "Two new ophthalmosaurids (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Upper Jurassic: Volgian/Tithonian), Svalbard, Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology . 92 (2): 311–339. Retrieved 13 September 2024– via ResearchGate.
  34. 1 2 Delsett, Lene Liebe; Roberts, Aubrey J.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Hurum, Jørn H. (25 January 2017). Wong, William Oki (ed.). "A New Ophthalmosaurid (Ichthyosauria) from Svalbard, Norway, and Evolution of the Ichthyopterygian Pelvic Girdle". PLOS ONE . 12 (1): e0169971. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1269971D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169971 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5266267 . PMID   28121995.
  35. ↑ Wooller, Matthew J.; Bataille, Clement; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Erickson, Gregory M.; Groves, Pamela; Haubenstock, Norma; Howe, Timothy; Irrgeher, Johanna; Mann, Daniel; Moon, Katherine; Potter, Ben A.; Prohaska, Thomas; Rasic, Jeffrey; Reuther, Joshua; Shapiro, Beth (13 August 2021). "Lifetime mobility of an Arctic woolly mammoth". Science . 373 (6556): 806–808. Bibcode:2021Sci...373..806W. doi:10.1126/science.abg1134. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   34385399 . Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  36. ↑ Funck, Juliette; Heintzman, Peter D.; Murray, Gemma G. R.; Shapiro, Beth; McKinney, Holly; Huchet, Jean-Bernard; Bigelow, Nancy; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Wooller, Matthew J. (1 December 2020). "A detailed life history of a pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) skeleton unearthed in Arctic Alaska". Quaternary Science Reviews . 249: 106578. Bibcode:2020QSRv..24906578F. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106578. hdl: 10037/20794 . ISSN   0277-3791 . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  37. ↑ Kelly, Abigail; Miller, Joshua H.; Wooller, Matthew J.; Seaton, C. Tom; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; DeSantis, Larisa (15 June 2021). "Dietary paleoecology of bison and horses on the mammoth steppe of eastern Beringia based on dental microwear and mesowear analyses". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 572: 110394. Bibcode:2021PPP...57210394K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110394 . Retrieved 13 September 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  38. ↑ Karpinski, Emil; Hackenberger, Dirk; Zazula, Grant; Widga, Chris; Duggan, Ana T.; Golding, G. Brian; Kuch, Melanie; Klunk, Jennifer; Jass, Christopher N.; Groves, Pam; Druckenmiller, Patrick Scott; Schubert, Blaine W.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Simpson, William F.; Hoganson, John W.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Ho, Simon Y. W.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Poinar, Hendrik N. (1 September 2020). "American mastodon mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple dispersal events in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations". Nature Communications . 11 (1): 4048. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4048K. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17893-z. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   7463256 . PMID   32873779.
  39. ↑ Powell, Kendall (2017-03-16). "Outside the lab: Field your A Team". Nature. 543 (7645): 453–455. doi: 10.1038/nj7645-453a . ISSN   0028-0836.
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  41. ↑ Predator X , retrieved 2018-12-10
  42. 1 2 "Paleontologists Reveal the Identity of 'Predator X'". Science & Innovation. 2012-10-15. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  43. ↑ Bryner, Jeanna; February 27, Live Science Managing Editor |; ET, 2008 07:00pm (28 February 2008). "Monster Was T. Rex of the Sea". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2018-12-10.{{cite news}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Xtinction: Predator X , retrieved 2018-12-10
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