Pay to fly

Last updated

Pay-to-fly is an aviation industry practice whereby professional pilots assume duty while paying for it. The practice extends to airline training in the form of type ratings with or without employment guarantee, that some pilots pay to increase their marketability. Even though studied, the subject matter is prevented under no regulation.

Contents

Description

The pay-to-work program [1] — mostly referred to as "pay-to-fly" [2] or "p2f", also known as "self-sponsored line training" [3] —is an aviation industry practice whereby a professional pilot operates an aircraft on revenue-earning commercial operation [4] by paying for it. [5] Prices range from[ as of? ] around 14,000 euros [6] to sometimes over 85,000 euros [7] [8] for a "flight hour package" of generally 500 hours [5] [9] [10] on an airliner; [9] [10] [11] no salaries involved. [5] [7] [12] [13] [14] When remuneration is offered, [15] substantial loans [16] to third parties (brokers) are enforced, [17] which outweigh pilots' financial gain. [18] [19]

Typical customers include, but are not limited to, "low timers" (inexperienced pilots) and low-hour type rated pilots [20] (e.g., B737 type rated or qualified, A320 type rated, etc.) that pay to work to build hours and improve their odds at finding an employment as airline pilots, [21] [22] thus challenging the "pilot shortage" mainstream consensus. [23] [24] The practice extends to airline-dedicated pilot training, in the form of type ratings available for a check, [25] [26] [27] [28] no employment guarantee at stakes, where pilots further shift from investment-worth company assets to source of revenue. [29] [30]

Origin

On 2 November 1924, Harold Pitcairn founded the Pitcairn Flying School and Passenger Service. Rebranded Eastern Air Lines in 1926, it flourished for decades after the 1950s until acquired by Franz Lorenzo in 1985 amidst indebtment and labour dispute in the new Airline Deregulation Act market. Management decisions (e.g., asset transfer to Continental Airlines) combined with further labour unrest against IAM, TWA and ALPA during the 1989 Easter Airline strike led to the company liquidation in 1991. [31]

In 1988, Thomas L. Cooper, one of its former Boeing 727 captain who flew during the 1989 strike,[ citation needed ] launched a small charter company named Gulfstream International Airlines (GIA) offering flights around South Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba in Cessna 402s. Early on, Captain candidates paid $15,000 up front starting in 1992 with intermediary business Avtar International doing the recruiting and advertising, selling multi-engine time in Cessna 402s with the assurance from the Miami Flight Standard District Office that this time was loggable. At the time, captains received compensation only following successful completion of Initial Operating Experience (IOE), First Officers would continue to fly without pay for between 150–200 hours. They were often able to continue flying without purchasing additional hours if replacements didn't come in quickly enough. [32]

Regulation

FAA

The Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash led to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) passing new pilot qualification standards. [23] These standards also addressed a mandate passed by the U.S. Congress when they enacted H.R. 5900 (111th), [33] the Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010. [34] This act also foresaw the modification of "requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate" [35] in ways that were implemented by FAA's regulation & policy n°8900.225 [36] titled Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations [37] on July 10, 2013 [38]

Aforementioned regulation reduced the scope of pay-to-fly among FAA licensees by raising minimum standards. [23] Indeed, to serve as SIC (Second In Command or First Officer):

"A pilot may be eligible if he or she was a military-trained pilot; a graduate of a four-year bachelor degree program with an aviation major; a graduate of a two-year associate degree program with an aviation major; or has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot". [39]

No FAA regulations explicitly ban pay-to-fly.

EASA

"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified" _Dominique Fouda, Head of EASA's Communication Department EASA Logo.svg
"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified" _Dominique Fouda, Head of EASA's Communication Department

In Europe, among EASA licence holders, pay-to-fly is a practice acknowledged to exist, [40] [41] though, "neither the European Commission, nor the EASA cared": [42]

"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified", [42] said Dominique Fouda, EASA Head of Communication & Quality Department. [43]

Several studies changed this position however.

Switzerland

According to FOCA vice director Marcel Zuckschwerdt: [44]

"There is no regulation that would prohibit from doing this [pay-to-fly], it is absolutely possible. One can wonder of course, is it safe? Is it acceptable in terms of safety? And when we examined the matter, we reached the conclusion that, in the end, it's the pilot motivation that is the argument to say it is satisfying in terms of safety" [8] (at 9':50")

France

Pay-to-fly is illegal per social regulation as a work contract can be established on demand by a judge as long as:

  1. there's a proven subordination relationship between the service provider and the party benefiting from said service;
  2. the moral or physical person benefiting from the service enforces a framework to which the service provider abides.

Legal action can be taken in case of violation, and sanctions can amount from 45,000 to 220,000 euros in fines and 3 years of prison. [45] According to the French DGAC, "pay-to-fly is not used among carriers operated under the French flag" [5] which doesn't prevent French pilots from suffering from it. [5] [7] [22]

France statistics

In 2013, 1,739 French pilots were registed in Pôle emploi, a 43% rise as per the three preceding years. [5] In December 2014, graduate student pilots from the ENAC (French Civil Aviation University) alone, reported under the AGEPAC association that, from 2006 to 2011 concerning a sample of 319 pilots: [46]

  • 15% were voluntary workers/without activity/registered in Pôle emploi [47]
  • 42% didn't have an activity allowing them to fly [48]
  • 44% deemed their activity wasn't in accordance with their training [48]
  • Salaried employment rate (all employment fields) went gradually from 94% for 2006 trainees to 15% for 2011 ones. [49]

As a result, of the pilots not flying as their main activity:

Norway

The Civil Aviation Authority, responsible for aviation safety in Norway, is not concerned.

According to Frode Lenning, head of Fleet Operation Section, CAA: “Pilots have been trained within commercial companies for years. However, it is new that some companies ask money to train pilots within their own company [...] We have been training cadet pilots in the cockpit for years, at different levels. What is new here, is the social aspect, and this is not part of the aviation safety regulatory system” [18] ".

However, during the pilots' strike of Norwegian in March 2015, [51] pay-to-fly airline Small Planet Airlines [52] performed 50 NAS slots under wet lease, [18] establishing a workforce that pay to work while at the same time breaking their colleagues' strike.

Netherlands

"Given the fact that EASA tackles this issue appropriately and also given the fact that the Dutch aviation sector to the extent known is currently not using these contracts on a large scale, from a safety point of view there is as yet no reason to intervene at a national level." _Wilma Mansveld Persfoto Wilma Mansveld 03.jpg
"Given the fact that EASA tackles this issue appropriately and also given the fact that the Dutch aviation sector to the extent known is currently not using these contracts on a large scale, from a safety point of view there is as yet no reason to intervene at a national level." _Wilma Mansveld

Since 2008 the job market for pilots has deteriorated rapidly. Most pilots that have been trained at a Dutch flight school have to look for a job abroad. According to VNV-DALPA the job market for ab initio pilots is poor. "Some companies outside the Netherlands do hire pilots, but these are so-called pay to fly-schemes. This means pilots have to invest a lot of money for a badly paid job and a temporary contract". [54]

On May 22, 2015, Member of Dutch Parliament Martijn van Helvert issued a first round of four questions to the House of Representatives of the States General on 'pay to fly', answered on June 2, 2015, by former State Secretary for the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Wilma Mansveld. [53]

A second round of seven questions and answers followed on June 22, 2015. [55]

Netherlands statistics

In February 2015 the Dutch Airline Pilots Association (VNV - Dutch ALPA) reported 1,200 Dutch pilots out of 4,100 worldwide (almost 30%) were unemployed. [56] The unemployment rate remains high. [57]

Germany

"Given these strongly undesirable developments in the aviation industry [p2f], I would like to see a determined action by the EU Commission. An end to the exploitation of young pilots must now be set." _Jutta Steinruck 2013 01 Jutta Steinruck.jpg
"Given these strongly undesirable developments in the aviation industry [p2f], I would like to see a determined action by the EU Commission. An end to the exploitation of young pilots must now be set." _Jutta Steinruck

On May 5, 2015, Member of European Parliament Jutta Steinruck issued a set of three written questions to the European Commission under the subject "Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)": [59]

  1. Is the Commission aware that European airlines operate Pay to Fly schemes? [59]
  2. Does the Commission agree that this employment model may undermine aviation safety? [59]
  3. Does the Commission intend to take action against airlines which operate these exploitative schemes, and will it investigate training systems in the aviation sector? [59]

On behalf of the Commission, on July 10th 2015, Violeta Bulc respectively answered: [60]

  1. The Commission has been informed recently by pilots' organisations about pay-to-fly schemes used by certain European airlines. The Commission services are currently investigating this specific matter. [60]
  2. The Commission has so far not received clear evidence as to the impact of this employment model on safety. [60]
  3. Based on the information and data collected, the nature and extent of the phenomenon will be assessed and the need for targeted action discussed at the appropriate level. [60]

The questions were formulated 2 days before the May 7th 2015 EP "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs" meeting in Brussels that MEP Steinruck also attended where pay-to-fly was discussed. [61]

Germany statistics

From a 2013 Der Spiegel article, "According to calculations by [VC spokesman Handwerg]'s union, there are already more than 1,500 unemployed pilots in Germany, an upward trend". [62]

United Kingdom

Following the ECA Conference of February 12-13th 2015 on "Atypical Employment" [63] where one "Nextgen pilot [said] pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs [...]", [64] BALPA launched the NexGen program on February 27 to "protect the Profession by reaching down to new entrants". [65] Acknowledging "the most difficult part of pilots’ career is the beginning", [66] Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services [67] at BALPA authored [68] a booklet titled Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track, [69] warning :

  • Some airlines require the pilot to pay for a type rating in full before commencing training, usually at a cost – about £18,000 to £35,000. [69]
  • It is possible to complete the type rating and line training without having employment. Some agencies and FTOs will charge you to put you through your type rating and place you with an airline to operate as a First Officer until completion of your line training. You would receive no salary during hours-building, so arguably you are paying the airline to work for them. [69]
  • The cost of this varies depending upon the company, and often does not usually come with any guaranteed job offer at the end of the line training or hours-building. [69]
  • The risk to consider here is that you are rating yourself on one particular aircraft, and therefore in the event that you do not continue with that airline, it makes you more attractive only to other airlines operating that type, and can be a waste of money if you land a job with the operator of a different type. This airline may then require you to fund another type rating which might be beyond you financially once you’ve funded the first rating. [69]

"BALPA does not recommend funding type ratings unless absolutely necessary". [69]

UK statistics

Questioned by The Guardian on October 24, 2015, Pursey assessed :

  • there are currently 505 unemployed pilots on Balpa’s books. [68]
  • Cadets can graduate with repayment obligations of up to £1,500 a month, no guarantee of a job. [68]
  • Starting salaries as low as £29,000. [68]

Of the 560 cadets in Balpa’s membership :

  • for more than 50% of them, the cost of training would exceed £100,000. [68]
  • Only 12% had any kind of sponsorship; [68]
  • 45.2% had taken out a loan, [68]
  • 41.9% were being helped by their parents. [68]

Academic research and studies

French Senate report

On April 10, 2014, Senator Éric Bocquet released an Information Report on behalf of the European Affairs Commission on social dumping in European transport. [40] In the aviation sector specifically (chapter II), subpart B (frauds), Senator Bocquet acknowledged "Strategic Airlines Luxembourg had, for all intents and purposes, set up a system of pay-to-fly, young pilots having to pay in order to fly and thus acquire flight hours". [40]

Ghent University study

Co-financed by the European Commission and carried out across 11 countries by the Ghent University on behalf of the European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee for Civil Aviation (notably the AEA, the ECA and the ETF), the study on "Atypical Employment in Aviation" was presented during the High-Level Atypical Employment conference in Paris on 12 and 13 February 2015. [63]

Accounting for policy options, the study concluded:

"A mandatory internship for newly licensed cadets should be considered. Pilots fresh from school are in an extremely weak labour market position often only finding jobs at deplorable conditions or even having to resort to pay-to-fly schemes in order to clock up the flight experience required by airlines offering better conditions. [...] It is our strong opinion that pay-to-fly schemes should be prohibited, not only in the European Union, but globally". [70]

Expert consultancy

French National Assembly report

On June 28, 2016, deputy member of the Assemblée Nationale Gilles Savary presented an Information Report [73] on behalf of the commission for European Affairs and focused on the european strategy for aviation issued by the European Commission on December 7, 2015. Paragraph II.C.1. asserts that Senator Bocquet's report "published little more than two years ago established an enlighting overview on social dumping associated with applicable right in the air transport, which remains fully relevant to this day". [74] Subsequent II.C.1.a. titled "European Commission adopts a near laissez-faire attitude towards the labour aspect" states:

"Representative stakeholder organizations heard by the rapporteur brought an important nuance [...]: labour law in the [aviation] sector is not only poorly applied but also insufficient. Atypical employment forms (zero hours contracts, «pay-to-fly» scheme, fake self-employment and mailbox companies) aren't to blame on diverging rule interpretation but truly on their loopholes". [73]

Airbus A320-214, MyTravel Airways Airbus A320-214, MyTravel Airways JP6113702.jpg
Airbus A320-214, MyTravel Airways

MyTravel Airways

On 5 July 2007, a First Officer who was not an employee but was paying MyTravel to gain flight experience on their aircraft (pay-to-fly), landed an Airbus A320 heavily at Kos airport in Greece causing substantial damage to the main landing gear. [30] The report was critical of both the pilots training record and non-employees paying airlines to gain experience.

In February the same year, MyTravel Group plc agreed on a merger with Thomas Cook AG [75] that became effective in June. [76] As a result, the accident occurred under the common umbrella of Thomas Cook Group plc (as listed on the London Stock Exchange), with MyTravel Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines UK Ltd fusing into Thomas Cook Airlines on 30 March 2008. [76]

Controversy

Airlines and brokers involved

When the information is available, brokers also aviation schools are prefixed: *

TRTOs (Type Rating Training Organisations) prefixed: **

Operator or Broker (when applicable)AirlinesType RatingsLine Training
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Flag of the Republic of China.svg Flag of Ghana.svg Aerorganizer Aviation Service International Co. LTD. [83] [84] also with Flag of Tunisia.svg **Aviation Training Center of Tunisia (ATCT) Tunisair [84] In general, pilot Recruitment & Training Service, Aircraft selling & Dry/Wet lease, A320 on type pilot training 500 hours with job assessment opportunity , A320 CBT courses sellingYes [84] Yes [84]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Aerojob [85] [86] Travel Service a.s (under SmartWings)Yes [87] No
(Unknown) Aeronova Yes [88] [89] Yes [88] [89]
Flag of Latvia.svg ***Air Baltic Training [90] (subsidiary of Air Baltic) Air Baltic Yes [27] [91] Yes [91]
Flag of Turkey.svg *Atlantic Flight Academy (AFA) [92] Atlasjet Yes [93] [94] Yes [94]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Aircrew Training Center (ATC) [95] [96] Farnair (and subsidiary Farnair Training), Enter Air, [96] Carpatair Yes [28] [96] [97] Yes [28] [96] [97]
Flag of Lithuania.svg airhub flight school Getjet [98] NoYes
Flag of Tunisia.svg **Aviation Training Center of Tunisia (ATCT) [99] in partnership with *G Air Training Center (Tunisair) [100] Nouvelair, [12] [13] Tunisair [14] [100] Yes [101] [102] Yes [12] [13] [14] [100] [103] (1)
Flag of Vietnam.svg Atrans Aviation [104] VietjetAirNoYes [105] [106]
Flag of Lithuania.svg AviationCV Small Planet Airlines NoYes [107]
Flag of Lithuania.svg ***Baltic Aviation Academy Atlasjet, [108] Estonian Air, [108] Royal Air Maroc, [109] VietjetAir [109] Yes [25] [26] (Estonian Air) [108] Yes [25] [26] (not Estonian Air) [108]
(Unknown) Flag of Romania.svg Blue Air BMS srlYesYes
(Unknown) Blue Panorama Airlines NoNo
Flag of Ireland.svg CAE Parc Aviation and Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Brookfield Aviation International Ryanair, EasyJet Yes [110] [111] (2)Yes [111] [112]
Flag of Germany.svg **Cockpit4U Germania [5] [113] Yes [5] [113] [114] Yes [5] [113] [115] (3)
(Unknown) Croatia Airlines NoYes [116]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg Desert Rose Aviation(Unknown)Yes [117] [118] Yes [119]
Flag of Ireland.svg Direct Personnel(Unknown)NoNo
Flag of the United States.svg Eagle Jet Flag of Hungary.svg BH Air NoYes [120]
Flag of the United States.svg Eagle Jet [10] Flag of Lithuania.svg Lion Air, [10] [121] Flag of Estonia.svg Nordica through subsidiary Regional Jet OÜ [122] Yes [123] [122] Yes [10] [121] [122]
Flag of Spain.svg Elite Sky Aviation [124] (Unknown)NoYes [125]
Flag of Hong Kong.svg ETOPS Flight [6] Royal Air Maroc Express [6] Yes (broker only [126] [127] [128] )Yes [6]
Flag of Malaysia.svg Fly Gosh(Unknown)NoNo
Flag of Spain.svg *FTE Jerez Volotea Yes [129] Yes [129]
(Unknown)Galain AviationNoYes [130]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg **IAGO flight training UKThomas CookYesYes
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg IXO Aviation Swiss(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg **Jet Flight Training Ltd(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg ***TUIfly Academy Brussels Jetairfly Yes [131] [132] No
Flag of India.svg / Flag of Cyprus.svg Knots Aviation(Unknown)Yes [133] [134] Yes [135]
Flag of Cyprus.svg Laffair Aviation via Flag of France.svg Sim Aviation Group Pegasus Airlines, AtlasGlobal, Turkish Airlines, SunExpress Yes [136] Yes [136]
Flag of Estonia.svg Nordic Crew Management (NCM)NAG - Nordic Aviation Group (Nordica)(Unknown)Yes [137]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Northern Flight Training UK(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of India.svg MSD Aviation Pvt. Ltd.(Unknown)YesYes
(Unknown) Pegasus Airlines Yes [138] Yes [138]
Flag of Cyprus.svg Pilot Management Services [17] [19] Small Planet Airlines [17] NoYes [9]
Flag of Germany.svg Planet Air Germany(Unknown)NoYes [139]
Flag of New Zealand.svg Rishworth Wings Air, Vietnam Airlines [140] NoYes [141]
Flag of Dubai.svg **Skies Aviation(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of Germany.svg Sky4u / Intex-Aero(Unknown)Yes [142] Yes [142]
(Unknown) Tarom NoNo
Flag of Italy.svg TRTOagency(Unknown)Yes [143] No
Flag of Tunisia.svg Type & Train Nouvelair, [21] Tunisair [21] Yes (broker only [21] )Yes [21]
Flag of Morocco.svg Type Line Training(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of Lithuania.svg **UAB Sabenavita(Unknown)YesYes
Flag of Vietnam.svg ATRANS AVIATION Vietjet Air NoYes [144]
(Unknown)Wingjet AviationYes [145] [146] Yes [145] [146] [147]
Flag of the United States.svg World Airline Services Air Asia, Hainan Airlines, Air Gabon, Air Madagascar, Asiana Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, TAAG NoNo

(1) "Note that [ATCT] work[s] very closely with Brookfield Aviations, the world leading pilot Brookers [sic] who will place you in an airline". [14]

(2) This is "false accusations"_A spokesman for the Irish budget airline [148]

(3) "Pay-to-fly at Germania? That is nonsense"_Karsten Balke, Chief Executive Officer of Germania [149]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Aviation Administration</span> U.S. government agency regulating civil aviation

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is a U.S. federal government agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation which regulates civil aviation in the United States and surrounding international waters. Its powers include air traffic control, certification of personnel and aircraft, setting standards for airports, and protection of U.S. assets during the launch or re-entry of commercial space vehicles. Powers over neighboring international waters were delegated to the FAA by authority of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft pilot</span> Person controlling an aircraft in flight

An aircraft pilot or aviator is a person who controls the flight of an aircraft by operating its directional flight controls. Some other aircrew members, such as navigators or flight engineers, are also considered aviators because they are involved in operating the aircraft's navigation and engine systems. Other aircrew members, such as drone operators, flight attendants, mechanics and ground crew, are not classified as aviators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azores Airlines</span> Portuguese airline

Azores Airlines, previously known as SATA Internacional, is a Portuguese airline based in the municipality of Ponta Delgada, on the island of São Miguel in the autonomous archipelago of the Azores. A subsidiary of SATA Air Açores, the airline operates as the international arm of the regional network, connecting the archipelago with Europe and North America, from its hub at João Paulo II Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Airbus A318</span> Airliner, part of the A320 family

The Airbus A318, affectionately given the nickname "Baby bus" is the smallest and least numerous variant airliner of the Airbus A320 family. The A318 carries 107 to 132 passengers and has a maximum range of 5,750 kilometres. Final assembly of the aircraft took place in Hamburg, Germany. It is intended primarily for short-range service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf Air</span> Flag carrier of Bahrain

Gulf Air is the flag carrier of Bahrain, which was founded in 1950 by British pilot Freddie Bosworth as Gulf Aviation. Headquartered in Muharraq, the airline operates scheduled flights to 59 destinations in 28 countries across Africa, Asia, and Europe. The airline's main hub is at Bahrain International Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ETOPS</span> Rules for aircraft with a failed engine

ETOPS is an acronym for Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards—a special part of flight rules for one-engine-inoperative flight conditions. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) coined the acronym for twin-engine aircraft operation in airspace further than one hour from a diversion airport at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed, over water or remote lands, or on routes previously restricted to three- and four-engine aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Airline Pilots' Association</span> British trade union

The British Airline Pilots’ Association (BALPA) is the professional association and registered trade union for UK pilots. BALPA represents the views and interests of pilots, campaigning on contractual, legal and health issues affecting its members and the flying public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allegiant Air</span> American ultra low-cost airline

Allegiant Air is an ultra low-cost U.S. carrier that operates scheduled and charter flights. It is a major air carrier, the fourteenth-largest commercial airline in North America.

Air Astana is an airline and the flag carrier of Kazakhstan. The airline group is headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan. It operates scheduled international and domestic services across 91 routes from its two hubs; Almaty International Airport, and Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport.

Pilot licensing or certification refers to permits for operating aircraft. Flight crew licences are issued by the civil aviation authority of each country, which must establish that the holder has met minimum knowledge and experience before issuing licences. The licence, along with the required class or type rating, allows a pilot to fly aircraft registered in the licence issuing state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilot certification in the United States</span> Pilot certification

Pilot certification in the United States is typically required for an individual to act as a pilot-in-command of an aircraft. It is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). A pilot may be certified under 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61 or 14 CFR Part 141. Pilots may also be certified under 14 CFR Part 107 for commercial drone operations.

SmartLynx Airlines Limited, previously LatCharter, is a Latvia-based ACMI, charter and cargo airline based in Mārupe, operating flights on wet lease out (ACMI), holiday charter flights, ad-hoc passenger charter and cargo flights across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Titan Airways</span> British charter airline

Titan Airways is a British charter airline founded in 1988 and based at London Stansted Airport. The carrier specialises in short-notice ACMI and wet lease operations as well as ad-hoc passenger and cargo charter services to tour operators, corporations, governments and the sports and entertainment sectors. The company holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

Deborah Jane Lawrie, known as Deborah Wardley while married, was the first woman to become a pilot with a major Australian airline after winning a landmark sex discrimination case against Ansett Airlines.

A polar route is an aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap regions. The term "polar route" was originally applied to great circle navigation routes between Europe and the west coast of North America in the 1950s.

ATP Flight School is the largest flight training company in the United States. The curriculum focuses on airline-oriented pilot programs at locations across the country. ATP is the leading supplier of professionally trained pilots to the nation's regional airlines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Cockpit Association</span>

The European Cockpit Association (ECA) is a trade union that represents European pilots. It has pursued the improvement of aviation policies to the benefit of its members, and has frequently spoken out in length on topics such as the impact of flight-time limitations on its members, the erosion of aviation safety culture, and the necessity of regulating the emerging subsector of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Airlines Flight 188</span> 2009 aviation incident in the United States

Northwest Airlines Flight 188 was a regularly scheduled flight from San Diego, California, to Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, on October 21, 2009, which landed over one hour late in Minneapolis/St Paul after overshooting its destination by more than 150 miles (240 km) because of pilot error. As a result of the incident, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revoked the pilot certificates of the involved pilots and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued recommendations for changes to air traffic control procedures and the rules for cockpit crew. The incident also caused American lawmakers to move to prevent pilots on U.S. airliners from using personal electronic devices while taxiing or flying. In 2013, changes to flight deck automation were suggested, and prototype designs that could mitigate errors leading to similar incidents were described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asiana Airlines Flight 162</span> 2015 aviation accident

Asiana Airlines Flight 162 was a regular short-haul international passenger flight from Incheon International Airport near Seoul, South Korea, to Hiroshima Airport in Hiroshima, Japan. On 14 April 2015, the Airbus A320-232 aircraft touched down short of the runway, struck the localizer array, skidded onto the runway on its tail, and spun 120 degrees before finally coming to a rest on the grass, opposite the terminal building. The aircraft suffered substantial damage to the left wing and engine. Of the 82 people aboard, 27 were injured, one seriously.

A multi-crew pilot licence (MPL) is a pilot licence that permits an aircraft pilot to act as co-pilot of a multi-crew aircraft.

References

  1. 1 2 BOCQUET, Éric (April 10, 2014). "RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens" (PDF) (in French). Sénat (french Senate). p. 41.
  2. ↑ Levin, Alan (May 21, 2009). "Airline that trained Buffalo crash pilot fined $1.3M". USA TODAY.
  3. ↑ Community Manager for Pilotman.net, Kevin. "What You Don't Know About Line Training". Archived from the original on 2014-10-04. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  4. ↑ Marques, Charles. "Cockpit Crews PAY TO FLY". Aviation Business Magazine. No. January 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jérôme Jadot (June 17, 2014). "Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l'avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)". France Info (radio) (in French).
  6. 1 2 3 4 CHAUVAC, Pierre-Gabriel (2012). "AGREEMENT FOR LINE TRAINING PROGRAM WITH Royal Air Maroc Express" (PDF). www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight Asia Limited. p. 8.
  7. 1 2 3 Poussery, Lionel (September 4, 2014). "Profession pilote : la fin du rêve? (Pilot profession : the end of the dream?)". France 2 (national TV) (in French).
  8. 1 2 Nègre, Laurent; Engel, Raphaël (August 28, 2014). "Qui est le pilote dans l'avion ? (Who is the pilot in the airliner)". RTS - Radio Television Suisse (in French). Temps Présent.
  9. 1 2 3 Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.1, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. p. 1. Agreement is concluded for a fixed term till Employee reaches 500 block hours on Airbus A320 type as First Officer
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Stephane Hoinville. "Eagle Jet International AGREEMENT". www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet. Student will fly with Eagle's partner airline Lion Air from Indonesia here after knows as (Airline) [...] Five hundred (500) B737 NG block hours
  11. ↑ "Occupational Training Agreement Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH". www.cockpit4u.com/. Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH. December 7, 2012. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 "march 2012 nouvelair & ATCT contract" (PDF). www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia.
  13. 1 2 3 "fev 2012 nouvelair contract" (PDF). www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "march 2012 tunisair contract" (PDF). www.tunisair.com/. Tunisair.
  15. ↑ Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.2, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. The Employer shall undertake the obligation to pay the Employee 1500 PLN monthly salary
  16. ↑ "LOAN AGREEMENT No.****-**" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 4. 3.1.1. Total 36 000EUR for line training and up to 500 block hours of flying.
  17. 1 2 3 Viktorija Dunciene. "SERVICE CONTRACT **/**/2013 No.2013****" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 8. I. The Third operator: Small Planet airlines
  18. 1 2 3 Mathias Vedeler; Paal Wergeland (March 11, 2015). "Norwegian kjøpte seg ut av pilotkrisen med omstridt selskap fra Litauen (Norwegian uses controversial airline from Lithuania to solve their pilot crisis)". NRK (in Norwegian).
  19. 1 2 Viktorija Dunciene. "Loan Schedule - ANNEX No. 1 to the SERVICE AGREEMENT No.*******" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services.
  20. ↑ "january 2015 First Officer Eagle Jet offer on Convair 580" (PDF). www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet International.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Brian Davies (February 16, 2012). "Type & Train Nouvelair --Tunisair, letter to candidate" (PDF). typeandtrain.com/. Type & Train. We are able to offer type rating courses on most commercial aircraft ( Boeing 737, Airbus 320 etc), followed by a placement with one of our sponsor airlines who will provide line training and up to 500 hours experience on-type, from which point a pilot's experience becomes universally marketable
  22. 1 2 Le Diouris, Pauline (September 19, 2013). "Pour les jeunes pilotes de ligne, le ciel doit attendre (For young airline pilots, the sky must wait)". Slate (in French).
  23. 1 2 3 Bachman, Justin (February 11, 2014). "Yes, There's a Pilot Shortage: Salaries Start at $21,000". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. In 2010, Congress mandated that airlines' first officers would need [...] at least 1,500 flight hours as opposed to the 250 hours and commercial pilot certificate previously required. The new rules, which took effect in August, came in response to the 2009 crash of a Continental Express regional flight // ALPA President Lee Moak said [...] that aimed to refute the "myth" of such a shortage
  24. ↑ ALPA Staff (April 2014). "A Pilot Shortage? Nope. It's All About the Money" (PDF). Air Line Pilot.
  25. 1 2 3 "BAA - Type Rating & Line Training online advertisement" (PDF). www.balticaa.com/for-pilots/type-rating/. Baltic Aviation Academy.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Egle Vaitkeviciute. "Training Service Contract, GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS" (PDF). www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/. Baltic Aviation Academy. pp. 5–6.
  27. 1 2 "Type Rating Course: Boeing 737". www.airbaltictraining.com/en/. Air Baltic Training. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-23. For the graduates of our Boeing 737 Type Rating course we offer NG Difference training for a very special price!
  28. 1 2 3 "Program Overview and Price List ATR 42/72 Type Rating and Line Flying Building Experience (LEP)" (PDF). www.farnair.com/Html/Company/FARNAIRTraining.php. FARNAIR Training GmbH.
  29. ↑ Dainuolė Bartasūnienė (February 10, 2012). "COOPERATION OFFER for Base and Line Training" (PDF). www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. p. 4. We are offering: Great chance to supplement Your Company's budget with additional income, using our human resources: selected, recommended, checked students
  30. 1 2 AAIB (18 November 2008). "SERIOUS INCIDENT A320, G-DHJZ, 5 July 2007" (PDF). gov.uk/aaib-reports/airbus-a320-g-dhjz-5-july-2007. Kos Airport, Greece: Air Accidents Investigation Branch. pp. 1, 6, 7, 18, 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016. Under the scheme, a cadet would pay for a 'Jet Bridge' course, type rating and 150 hours of line flying with the airline. Thereafter, there would be a possibility of employment should the airline concerned have any vacancies. The commercial training organisation paid the airline for its involvement in the training, enabling the airline to generate revenue through their training department, Alt URL
  31. ↑ Bernstein, Aaron (1990). Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Air Lines. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN   9780671695385.
  32. ↑ "USA: P2F origins (part 1)". CockpitSeeker. 7 October 2014.
  33. ↑ "Press Release – FAA Boosts Aviation Safety with New Pilot Qualification Standards". www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013.
  34. ↑ "Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010" (PDF). U.S. Government. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  35. ↑ "AIRLINE SAFETY AND FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION EXTENSION ACT OF 2010" (PDF). www.gpo.gov/. [US] Government printing Office. Aug 1, 2010. p. 21. requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate
  36. ↑ "8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations Document Information". www.faa.gov/. FAA. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION N 8900.225 National Policy" (PDF). www.faa.gov/. FAA. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations". www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Table 5. Receive an ATP Certificate With Restricted Privileges (Restricted to Serving as SIC in Part 121 Operations—Multiengine Class Rating Only)" (Table 5. right column. (5)). www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013. p. 4.
  40. 1 2 3 BOCQUET, Éric (April 10, 2014). "RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens" (PDF). Senat.fr (in French). Sénat (french Senate). p. 41. La compagnie luxembourgeoise Strategic avait, quant à elle, mis en place un système dit de pay to fly, les jeunes pilotes devant payer pour voler et ainsi acquérir des heures de vol.
  41. ↑ "Fair Competition in aviation is a must!". www.eurocockpit.be/. European Cockpit Association. [...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and 'pay-to-fly' (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)
  42. 1 2 Jérôme Jadot (June 17, 2014). "Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l'avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)". France Info (radio) (in French).
  43. ↑ eschel. "Dominique Fouda Professional Profile" (PDF). easa.europa.eu/. EASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Head of the Communication department, European Aviation Safety Agency
  44. ↑ "Marcel Zuckschwerdt nouveau sous-directeur à l'OFAC". www.bazl.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en (in French). OFAC/FOCA. November 30, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Contrat de travail". contrat-de-travail.comprendrechoisir.com/ (in French). ComprendreChoisir.
  46. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  47. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  48. 1 2 "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  49. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  50. 1 2 "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  51. ↑ "Norwegian Pilots End Strike After Deal Reached With Airline". ABC News Internet Ventures. March 10, 2015.
  52. ↑ "Small Planet Airline p2f setup with Pilot Management Services (Cyprus)". www.smallplanet.aero/. Small Planet Airlines.
  53. 1 2 Wilma J. Mansveld (June 2, 2015). "Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake zzp piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))". www.rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  54. ↑ "Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)". www.wordpiloot.nl/ (in Dutch). WordPiloot. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  55. ↑ Wilma J. Mansveld (June 22, 2015). "Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake ZZP-piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))". www.rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  56. ↑ Driessen, Camil (February 26, 2015). "Komt Turkish Airlines hier 500 werkloze piloten uit de brand helpen? (Is Turkish Airlines coming to the rescue of 500 unemployed pilots?)". NRCQ (in Dutch).
  57. ↑ "Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)". www.wordpiloot.nl/ (in Dutch). Word Piloot. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  58. ↑ Jutta Steinruck (July 14, 2015). "EU-Kommission macht wenig bis gar nichts gegen ausbeuterische Praktiken von Billig-Airlines (European Commission makes little to nothing against exploitative practices of budget airlines)". jutta-steinruck.de/ (in German). Jutta Steinruck. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Angesichts dieser krassen Fehlentwicklungen in der Luftfahrtbranche würde ich mir ein entschlossenes Handeln der EU-Kommission wünschen. Der Ausbeutung von jungen PilotInnen muss jetzt ein Ende gesetzt werden.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Steinruck, Jutta; Preuß, Gabriele; Regner, Evelyn; Ertug, Ismail (May 5, 2015). "Parliamentary questions". www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/en. European Parliament. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Subject: Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines ('Pay to Fly')
  60. 1 2 3 4 Bulc, Violeta (July 10, 2015). "Parliamentary questions". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Answer given by Ms Bulc on behalf of the Commission
  61. ↑ "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs - meeting 07/05/2015 15.00-18.30 (video)". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. May 7, 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  62. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) (14): 61. Nach Berechnungen seiner Gewerkschaft gibt es in Deutschland bereits jetzt über 1500 arbeitslose Piloten, Tendenz: steigend.
  63. 1 2 "Conference Atypical forms of aircrew employment in the European aviation industry". Eurocockpit. ECA - European Cockpit Association. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  64. ↑ "Nextgen pilot". twitter.com/BALPApilots. BALPA. February 13, 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Nextgen pilot says pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs. That's the sort of pilot the profession needs #atypicalEMPL
  65. ↑ "nextGen". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. February 27, 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016. BALPA has set up the nextGen programme to help protect the profession by reaching down to these new entrants and giving them a voice.
  66. ↑ "How To Become A Pilot". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015. Probably the most difficult part of a pilots' career is the beginning. Getting that first job can be like finding a needle in a haystack. Most airlines only recruit experienced pilots who have flown jet aircraft before, and are not willing to employ cadets fresh from flight training. This gap is bridged either by paying for extra training, by networking and getting a job flying smaller aircraft or simply by luck.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  67. ↑ "BALPA Staff Listing". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Membership & Careers Services - Wendy Pursey Head of Membership and Career Services WendyPursey@balpa.org 0208 476 4088
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aida Edemariam (October 24, 2015). "Sky high: who'd be an airline pilot today?". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2015. Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services at Balpa, wrote a pamphlet, Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wendy Pursey (April 23, 2015). "BECOMING A PILOT THE INSIDE TRACK". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. pp. 16, 23. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  70. ↑ "Atypical Employment in Aviation - Final Report" (PDF). Universiteit Gent. UGent. February 2015. p. 296. Retrieved 11 July 2016. A mandatory internship for newly licensed cadets should be considered. Pilots fresh from school are in an extremely weak labour market position often only finding jobs at deplorable conditions or even having to resort to pay-to-fly schemes in order to clock up the flight experience required by airlines offering better conditions. [...] It is our strong opinion that pay-to-fly schemes should be prohibited, not only in the European Union, but globally
  71. ↑ "5. Other analyses from stakeholders and Member States" (PDF). CockpitSeeker. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  72. 1 2 Offord, Rosie; Kouris, Stefan; Capek, Hannah; Wainwright, Stephen (2 October 2015). "Study on employment and working conditions in air transport and airports" (PDF). ec.europa.eu (3.0 ed.). Steer Davies Gleave. pp. 21, 159, 163. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Pay-to-fly schemes are schemes that require pilots to contribute financially to an airline 'in order to be allowed to fly and thus gain requisite flight experience'. Junior pilots without significant amounts of flight (type rating) experience are particularly vulnerable to such practices, although it is not clear how prevalent this is, or precisely which airlines are offering these schemes. [...] Pay-to-fly is acknowledged in published literature (e.g. Atypical employment study, Ghent University) as an issue however stakeholders did not specifically comment in this area.
  73. 1 2 Gilles SAVARY (28 June 2016). "RAPPORT D'INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES EUROPÉENNES sur la stratégie européenne pour l'aviation présentée par la Commission européenne le 7 décembre 2015 (COM(2015) 613 final)" (PDF). assemblee-nationale.fr (in French). Commission des affaires européennes. p. 66. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ...la législation sociale dans le secteur aérien n'est pas seulement mal appliquée, elle est aussi insuffisante, les formes de travail atypiques (contrats zéro heures, système « pay-to-fly », faux indépendants et sociétés boîtes aux lettres) ne relevant pas d'une interprétation divergente des règles mais bien des lacunes de ces dernières.
  74. ↑ Gilles SAVARY (28 June 2016). "RAPPORT D'INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES EUROPÉENNES sur la stratégie européenne pour l'aviation présentée par la Commission européenne le 7 décembre 2015 (COM(2015) 613 final)" (PDF). assemblee-nationale.fr (in French). Commission des affaires européennes. p. 65. Retrieved 13 February 2017. .Le rapport d'information de M. Éric Bocquet [...] publié voilà un peu plus de deux ans fait un panorama éclairant du risque de dumping social associé au droit applicable dans le transport aérien, qui reste pleinement d'actualité.
  75. ↑ Spikes, Sarah; Blitz, Roger (February 12, 2007). "MyTravel agrees merger with Thomas Cook". ft.com/. Financial Times. Retrieved December 16, 2016. MyTravel, the £1.1bn UK holiday company, and Thomas Cook, its privately-owned Germany-based rival, on Monday agreed a merger of equals that would create a global powerhouse of tour operators.
  76. 1 2 "Thomas Cook Airlines' history". thomascookairlinesuk. Thomas Cook Airlines UK. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016. Following the merger between Thomas Cook AG and MyTravel Group plc in June 2007, the new Thomas Cook Airlines (amalgamating Thomas Cook Airlines UK Ltd and MyTravel Airways) is launched at Gatwick on 30th March 2008.
  77. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) (14): 61. Es eröffne Berufseinsteigern "Chancen, die sich im europäischen Markt derzeit nicht bieten". Derartige Trainingsprogramme seien im Ausland schon seit Jahren üblich.
  78. ↑ "Line Training: to pay or not to pay?". www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 25, 2015.
  79. 1 2 AviationCV.com (July 14, 2015). "Line training for pilot: everything you need to know". www.aviationcv.com/. AviationCV. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Alt URL
  80. ↑ Groenendijk-Feenstra, Nienke (October 18, 2013). "Pilots are slowly strangled by their debt". AirObserver. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  81. ↑ "Even the pilots pay on some low-cost flights" . www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. December 29, 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25.
  82. 1 2 "Fair Competition in aviation is a must!". www.eurocockpit.be/. European Cockpit Association. [...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and 'pay-to-fly' (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)
  83. ↑ "| Aerorganizer Aviation Service International Co. Ltd. 通勝航領國際有限公司". www.aerorgnizer.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
  84. 1 2 3 4 "A320 Type Rating & Line Training Program". aerorgnizer.com. Retrieved 9 May 2020. "A320 type rating: $25,000- USD A320 Base Training (6 landings & Touch and go) $13500- USD. A320 Line training 500 hours: $75,000 USD [...] Full flight simulator with ATCT [...] working with Tunisair[ permanent dead link ]
  85. ↑ "Aerojob Worldwide". www.aerojob.cz/ (in Czech). Aerojob. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours Alt URL
  86. ↑ "Travel Service pilot jobs Wiki". www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. Pilot Jobs Network. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Recruitment Process for Travel Service Pilot Jobs FO+Cadet 3-day assessment organised by AeroJob in Prague Alt URL
  87. ↑ "Poslání společnosti AeroJOB a program DOPRAVNÍ PILOT (Company Mission AeroJOB and transport pilot program)". www.aerojob.cz/ (in Czech). AeroJob. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours Alt URL
  88. 1 2 "ESCUELA Con nuestra experiencia mejorarás volando (With our experience, get better at flying)". www.aeronova.com/ (in Spanish). Aeronova. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015. Programa Fairchild SA227: Habilitación de tipo + Base training + Line training. [...] Detalle del programa: Habilitación de tipo. 6 tomas y despegues. 120 h. como copiloto en el modelo de avión.
  89. 1 2 "FAIRCHILD SA227 PROGRAM PRESENTATION" (PDF). www.aeronova.com/. Aeronova. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015. The price of the initial program is of 16500 € And the price for the follow-up is of 8000 € Please note that the 120 h per 2 month period (which could be in several separate not continuing contracts) is a guaranteed number of hours.
  90. ↑ "About us". www.airbaltictraining.com. Air Baltic. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  91. 1 2 "Dash 8 Q400 Type Rating + Line Training". www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/. Air Baltic Training. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
  92. ↑ "AFA Atlantic Flight Academy". www.afa.aero/. Atlantic Flight Academy. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  93. ↑ "A320 Family Type Rating Training". www.afa.aero/. AFA - Atlantic Flight Academy. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  94. 1 2 "Atlasjet pilot jobs Wiki". www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. December 15, 2014. Atlasjet Pilot Jobs Situation: Current Situation: type rating + line training 100 hours for local via AFA
  95. ↑ "ATC AircrewTraining Center". www.aircrewcenter.nl. Aircrew Center. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  96. 1 2 3 4 "TYPE RATING PROGRAM". www.aircrewcenter.nl. The Aircrew Training Center is preferred supplier for Enter Air and FARNAIR.
  97. 1 2 "Flight Training". www.enterair.pl/. Enter Air. Archived from the original on 2014-10-03. Retrieved 2015-03-30. Practical training [...] is divided into two phases: the first phase are school flights (on an "empty" plane); the second phase are trainee airline flights (scheduled flights).
  98. ↑ Tiuchtij, Oksana. "Line Training Program agreement" (PDF).
  99. ↑ "ATCT Aviation Training Center of Tunisia". www.atct.com.tn. ATCT. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  100. 1 2 3 "G Air ATPL Tunisair". www.gairg.com/en/. G Air Training Center. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. [...] A320 Type Rating [...] 300 hours of Line Training (A320) [...] Type Rating and Line Training with Tunisair and ATCT [...] Price: €118,000 Alt URL
  101. ↑ Tarek Benaissi. "Our Training Services". www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Aviation Training Center of Tunisia. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-24. Available courses: Type Rating
  102. ↑ Tarek Benaissi; Hela Chiha. "ATCT - A320 Family JAA Type Rating Special Promotion" (PDF). www.atct.com.tn/index.php. ATCT.
  103. ↑ Tarek Benaissi (September 1, 2012). "A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia". www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Tarek Benaissi, Quality Manager at ATCT. A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia, for more information please contact me : tarek.benaissiATatct.com.tn
  104. ↑ "Atrans Aviation". www.atransaviation.com. Atrans Aviation. Retrieved 19 June 2015. A-320 Type Rating + Line Training & Guaranteed 2+ years First Officer Job
  105. ↑ "Vietnam - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation.
  106. ↑ "Cambodia - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation.
  107. ↑ Gabrielius BileviĊius. "EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviationCV" (PDF). www.aviationcv.com/. Aviation CV. pp. 7–8, 10.
  108. 1 2 3 4 "Baltic Aviation Academy News Overview". www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 28, 2012. Baltic Aviation Academy has signed a new partnership contract with the Turkish airlines Atlas Jet. The agreement consists of line training package which enable pilots to gather 300-500 flight hours. Type rating contract was signed with Estonian Air.
  109. 1 2 "Gefahr im Cockpit: Der Germanwings-Absturz und die Folgen" (in German). Archived from the original on 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
  110. ↑ "B737NG type-qualification program". pilot.cae.com/. Ryanair & CAE. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Type Rating Course: € 28,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting before 31 March 2015) - € 29,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting on/after 01 April 2015)
  111. 1 2 "CAE Oxford Aviation Academy easyJet APP First Officer Plus Programme Now Open" (PDF). www.caeoaa.com. CAE Oxford. April 15, 2015. Must self-fund Type, Base and Line Training including VAT at a cost of £38,400
  112. ↑ David George (2013). "Terms and Conditions of Contract for Services" (PDF). brookfieldav.com/. Brookfield Aviation International Ltd. pp. 1, 5. The "Hirer" means Ryanair Plc [...] The company Representative will be responsible for the cost of line training flights (currently €150 per scheduled block hour (pshb)) for the company representative
  113. 1 2 3 Jost Haugust (June 25, 2012). "Germania - company reference for Cockpit4U" (PDF). www.flygermania.de/en/. Germania. I personnaly have worked with Cockpit4u for many years both in my role as Post Holder Training and Type Rating Examiner [...] I highly recommend them [Cockpit4U] to any client or other airline as 100% reliable Type Rating Training Organization
  114. ↑ "Type Rating". www.cockpit4u.com/en/start/. Cockpit4u. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-24. Cockpit4u is the right partner for the type rating training you need.
  115. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) (14): 61. In dem Werbezettel offeriert die Berliner Firma Cockpit4u fertig ausgebildeten Flugzeugführern, die noch keine Praxiserfahrung haben, einen befristeten Vertrag als Erster Offizier bei einer "namhaften Airline". Gemeint ist die drittgrößte deutsche Linienfluglinie, Germania, auch wenn die in dem Werbeprospekt nicht konkret genannt wird.
  116. ↑ Joseph Bohutnski (February 2, 2015). "Mladi piloti plaćaju Croatia Airlinesu 30.000 eura da nauče voziti avion (Young pilots pay Croatia Airlines 30,000 euros to learn to fly a plane)". www.vecernji.hr/ (in Croatian). Vecernji list. (Applicants that must have 500 hours of flight time hourly pay 10 euros and are not only free labor but also pay to work)
  117. ↑ "A320 TYPE RATING". Desert Training. Retrieved May 8, 2019. Price: 12000€
  118. ↑ "737 NG TYPE RATING". Desert Training. Retrieved May 8, 2019. Price: 11000€
  119. ↑ "A320 line training 200 / 500 HOURS" . Retrieved May 8, 2019. Cost 52000€, for EASA & ICAO Pilots, 200 hours or 500 hours with job opportunities at the end of the training
  120. ↑ "AGREEMENT" (PDF). May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018. Eagle's partner airline BH Air from Bulgaria [...] Pilot agrees to pay Eagle the sum of Twenty Nine Thousand Five Hundred Euros (€29,500) [...] Three hundred (300) block hours from the right seat of A319/320 during Airline operations.
  121. 1 2 "ADDENDUM - Eagle Jet/Lion Air 737 NG agreement extract". lionair.co.id/. Lion Air.
  122. 1 2 3 Deisy A., Arteaga. "Agreement NORDICA aviation group" (PDF). CockpitSeeker. Retrieved June 15, 2017. Pilot will fly with Eagle's partner airline Nordic Aviation Group / Regional Jet OU from Estonia [...] student agrees to pay Eagle the sum of Thirty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred Euros (€39,900)
  123. ↑ "Supplementary Statement Credit Application Boeing 737-900ER Type Rating" (PDF). cockpitseeker (in Dutch). ABN AMRO. Retrieved 29 December 2016. Cost Type Training: EUR 31.610,00
  124. ↑ "Elite Sky Aviation". eliteskyaviation.com. Elite Sky Aviation. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  125. ↑ Posada Elechiguerra, Iñigo González. "BOEING 737-300 EFIS FIRST OFFICER" (PDF). eliteskyaviation.com. Madrid (Spain): General Manager Iñigo González‐Posada Elechiguerra. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2 March 2016. This program is based in Eastern Europe, and it has a duration of 500 hours [...] PRICE: 39.900,00 € (VAT included) [...] 1.000,00 € before starting Airline Assessment phase.
  126. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on ATR 42/72-500". www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight. 2013-09-24. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  127. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on Airbus 320". www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight. 2013-12-16. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  128. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on Boeing 737NG". www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight. 2013-12-16. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  129. 1 2 Gianfranco Giacchetti Director of Flight Operations Volotea. "Terms". www.ftejerez.com/. Volotea via FTE Jerez. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. The price for The ATPL course, including the Volotea Boeing 717 Type Rating, is 140,500€, including VAT. This price is inclusive of the following: [...] The full Boeing 717 type rating course [...] a minimum of 125 hours line training
  130. ↑ "Boeing 737 (300/500/700) line training and time building program (Europe)". www.avianation.com. Galain Aviation. March 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015. line training and time building program (Europe)
  131. ↑ TUIfly Academy Brussels. "TUIfly Academy Brussels, Type Rating Training Organization (TRTO)" (PDF). www.jetairfly.com/. Jetairfly. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. [...] advanced pilot training [...] is provided to third party customers, amongst which some other airlines of the TUI-group. This includes Type rating Courses Alt URL
  132. ↑ ANDRIES WHISTLE (May 25, 2015). "Jonge copiloot: "Ik zal niet toegeven dat ik te moe ben" (Young co-pilot: "I will not admit that I'm too tired")". www.demorgen.be/ (in Dutch). DeMorgen. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Een net afgestudeerde piloot kreeg van de Antwerpse luchtvaartschool BAFA een voorstelomzo'n training te volgen voor Jetairfly. Kostprijs: 25 à 30 000 euro, zonder garantie op werk bij de Belgische carrier. Wie aanvaard wordt, krijgt alleen een tijdelijk contract voor een paar maanden. () Alt URL
  133. ↑ "A320 JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-24. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes A320 Type Rating
  134. ↑ "B737 NG JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes B737 Type Rating
  135. ↑ "Knots Aviation - Line Training". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Knots Aviation offers Line Training on Airbus A320 Boeing CL/NG to the pilots in East Europe through its collaborative partnerships with reputed airlines.
  136. 1 2 "Laffair A320 Type Rating Program with Traineeship in Turkey". sim.aero. Sim Aviation Group. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017. On behalf of Laffair Aviation, SIM Aviation Group [...] offer [...] Assessment Fee: EUR 600 [...] A320 TR Training Program with Traineeship up to 18 months - EUR 77, 000
  137. ↑ Cavegn, Dario (February 15, 2016). "Fly with us, says the Nordic Aviation Group - no thanks, say pilots". News.err. News.err.ee. Retrieved 29 December 2016. Through Nordic Crew Management, NAG hires for a base salary plus hours flown, and at the same time hires based on pay-to-fly, which creates deductions to an already performance-dependent salary.
  138. 1 2 "Pegasus Airlines pilot jobs Wiki". www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. October 9, 2009. TR costs 18 000 euro. Plus 6000 euro for 100hrs line training 737
  139. ↑ "Initial Line Training A320". www.initiallinetraining.com/. Planet Air. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. The contract will allow you to build a solid experience of 500 hours on type with a subsequent employment contract. This is a unique opportunity for candidates who are willing to invest into their future career. The costs of 50.000$US reflect the effort and professionalism of Planetair. Alt URL
  140. ↑ "Vietnam Airlines Pilot Jobs". www.rishworthaviation.com/home.aspx. Rishworth Aviation. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-04-01. Rishworth Aviation is proud to be the preferred supplier of Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and has a strong and cooperative 14+ year relationship with the airline
  141. ↑ Capt. To Ngoc Giang (January 26, 2015). "Line training project". www.vietnamairlines.com/vi/Welcome. Vietnam Airlines - flight crew division 919.
  142. 1 2 "Sky4u "training"" (PDF). TYPE RATING // LINE TRAINING - LT [...] Sky4u is solely offering contact to agencies worldwide providing Line Training Programs [...] We screen and assess, evaluate suitable candidates and hand out recommendations
  143. ↑ "Crew Training". www.trtoagency.it/. TRTOagency. Archived from the original on 2015-02-10. Retrieved 2015-03-30. A320, A330, Beechcraft Type ratings
  144. ↑ "Vietjet Air". www.pilotcareercenter.com/. Pilot Career Center. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Current Vietjet policy is for potential flight crew, including those eligible for upgrade to Captain, to pay cash up front for "training". This amount ranges from $25,000 USD up to and over $65,000. Alt URL
  145. 1 2 latestpilotjobs; Wingjet Aviation. "Type Rating+ 500 hours Line Training on BNA- Islander + LET-410" (PDF). What we provided: 1) Type Rating on Both Aircraft(BNA-Islander + LET-410) 2) Line training of 500 hrs (combined both aircraft) [...] 8) Cost of this program is 27,500 USD.
  146. 1 2 Wingjet Aviation. "Training" (PDF). 1) A-320 300 hours line training : 55000 Euro 2) A-320 500 hours line training : 66000 Euro [...] 1) B-737NG type rating+ 300 hrs line training program : 48,380 USD
  147. ↑ "A320/B737 Type Rating 500H Line Training Program" (PDF). 500 hrs Line training program on B-737NG [...] Total cost for this program is 65,000 EURO
  148. ↑ "Ryanair ontkent beschuldigingen uitbuiting piloten (Ryanair denies allegations exploitation pilots)". www.nu.nl/ (in Dutch). NU.nl. December 3, 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Ryanair spreekt de aantijgingen tegen dat jonge piloten geld betalen om bij de luchtvaartmaatschappij te mogen vliegen en zo werkervaring op te doen. Volgens een woordvoerder van de Ierse prijsvechter gaat het om valse beschuldigingen en krijgen alle piloten salaris uitbetaald. [...] Zij zouden 30.00 tot 50.000 euro moeten betalen om vier tot zes maanden te mogen vliegen.
  149. ↑ airliner.de (March 6, 2015). ""Pay to fly" bei der Germania? "Das ist Quatsch"". www.airliners.de/ (in German). airliners.de. "Pay to fly" bei der Germania? Das ist Quatsch
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.