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House is a genre of electronic dance music characterized by a repetitive four-on-the-floor beat and a typical tempo of 115–130 beats per minute. It was created by DJs and music producers from Chicago's Black gay underground club culture and evolved slowly in the early/mid 1980s as DJs began altering disco songs to give them a more mechanical beat. By early 1988, House became mainstream and supplanted the typical 80s music beat.
The new school of hip hop was a movement in hip hop music, beginning in 1983–84 with the early records of Run–D.M.C., Whodini, and LL Cool J. Predominantly from Queens and Brooklyn, it was characterized by Drum Machine-led minimalism, often tinged with elements of Rock; rapped taunts, boasts, and socio-political commentary; and aggressive, self-assertive delivery. In song and image, its artists projected a tough, cool, street B-boy attitude. These elements contrasted sharply with Funk and Disco, Novelty hits, live bands, synthesizers, and party rhymes of artists prevalent in the early 1980s. Compared to their older hip hop counterparts, new school artists crafted more cohesive LPs and shorter songs more amenable to airplay. By 1986, their releases began to establish hip hop in the mainstream.
Uncle Jam Wants You is a concept album by American funk rock band Funkadelic. It was released by Warner Bros. Records on September 21, 1979, and was later reissued on CD by Priority Records. It was produced by George Clinton under the alias Dr. Funkenstein. It is the first Funkadelic album since America Eats Its Young in 1972 not to sport a cover illustrated by Funkadelic artist Pedro Bell, though Bell did provide artwork for the album’s back cover and interior. Uncle Jam Wants You was the second Funkadelic album to be certified gold. The album peaked at No. 18 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J. It was released on November 18, 1985, by Def Jam Recordings and Columbia Records. It was also Def Jam's first full-length album release.
Chicago house refers to house music produced during the mid to late 1980s within Chicago. The term is generally used to refer to the original house music DJs and producers from the area, such as Ron Hardy and Phuture.
Nathaniel Thomas Wilson, better known by his stage name Kool G Rap, is an American rapper. He began his career in the mid-1980s as one half of the group Kool G Rap & DJ Polo and as a member of the Juice Crew. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and skilled MCs of all time, and a pioneer of mafioso rap/street/hardcore content and multisyllabic rhyming. On his album The Giancana Story, he stated that the "G" in his name stands for "Giancana", but on other occasions he has stated that it stands for "Genius".
Electro is a genre of electronic dance music directly influenced by the use of the Roland TR-808 drum machines, with an immediate origin in early hip hop and funk genres. Records in the genre typically feature heavy electronic sounds, usually without vocals; if vocals are present, they are delivered in a deadpan manner, often through electronic distortion such as vocoding and talkboxing. It palpably deviates from its predecessor boogie by being less vocal-oriented and more focused on electronic beats produced by drum machines.
Devin Derico Copeland, better known by his stage name Devin the Dude, is an American rapper known for his unique rapping style and his 2002 songs "Lacville '79" and "Doobie Ashtray".
Critical Beatdown is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Ultramagnetic MCs, released on October 4, 1988, by Next Plateau Records. The album was produced primarily by the group's rapper and producer Ced-Gee, who employed an E-mu SP-1200 sampler as the album's main instrument. Music journalists have noted the album for its innovative production, funk-based samples, self-assertive themes, and clever lyrical rhymes by Ced-Gee and rapper Kool Keith.
Run-D.M.C. is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Run-D.M.C., released on March 27, 1984, by Profile Records, and re-issued by Arista Records. The album was primarily produced by Russell Simmons and Larry Smith.
"Soul Makossa" is a song by Cameroonian saxophonist and songwriter Manu Dibango, released as a single in 1972. It is the most sampled African song in history. The song was originally recorded as the B-side for "Hymne de la 8e Coupe d'Afrique des Nations", a song celebrating the Cameroon national football team's accession to the quarterfinals of the Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, as well as Cameroon's hosting the games for the first time; the lyrics were written by Cameroonian poet and musicologist S.M. Eno Belinga. Except for some words in English, it was written in Duala, a native dialect continuum from Cameroon. Manu Dibango later recorded a new version for his 1994 album Wakafrika, titled "Mouvement Ewondo".
Luis Cedeño, more commonly known as DJ Disco Wiz is an American DJ.
Clive Campbell, better known by his stage name DJ Kool Herc, is a Jamaican American DJ who is credited with being one of the founders of hip hop music in the Bronx, New York City, in 1973. Nicknamed the Father of Hip-Hop, Campbell began playing hard funk records of the sort typified by James Brown. Campbell began to isolate the instrumental portion of the record which emphasized the drum beat—the "break"—and switch from one break to another. Using the same two-turntable set-up of disco DJs, he used two copies of the same record to elongate the break. This breakbeat DJing, using funky drum solos, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers helped lead to the syncopated, rhythmically spoken accompaniment now known as rapping.
Errol Eduardo Bedward, better known by his stage name Pumpkin, was an American musician, percussionist, and band leader. He was renowned for being the one behind many old school hip hop tracks for the Profile, Enjoy, and Tuff City record companies.
Hip hop or hip-hop, also known as rap and formerly as disco rap, is a genre of popular music that originated in the early 1970s from the African American community. Hip-hop music originated as an anti-drug and anti-violence genre consisting of stylized rhythmic music that often accompanies rapping, a rhythmic delivery of poetic speech. In the early 1990s, a professor of African American studies at Temple University said, "Hip-hop is something that blacks can unequivocally claim as their own." By the 21st century, the field of rappers had diversified by both race and gender. The music developed as part of the broader hip-hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, breakdancing, and graffiti art. While often used to refer solely to rapping and rap music, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of the culture, including DJing, turntablism, scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks.
Acid house is a subgenre of house music developed around the mid-1980s by DJs from Chicago. The style is defined primarily by the squelching sounds and basslines of the Roland TB-303 electronic bass synthesizer-sequencer, an innovation attributed to Chicago artists Phuture and Sleezy D circa 1986.
"Sucker M.C.'s" is a song by American hip hop group Run-D.M.C. It was first released in 1983 as B-side to "It's Like That". The two-sided release marked the start of Run-D.M.C.'s career as their first single, and it is widely regarded as ushering in a new school of hip hop artists with a street image and an abrasive, minimalist sound that marked them out from their predecessors. Both tracks were collected on the trio's self-titled debut album in 1984. WBAU was the first station to play the two songs.
Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound is a 2000 book edited by Peter Shapiro. It is a companion piece to the documentary film Modulations: Cinema for the Ear.
The Best of Enjoy! Records is a 1989 compilation album of early hip hop music released by the Enjoy! Records music label. The album was part of a series of compilation albums from Hot Records covering various releases from American and British independent music labels. Retrospective reviews of the album from The Rough Guide to Hip-Hop and Spin and the Oakland Tribune as containing some of the best music of early hip hop.
References
- 1 2 3 Reviews of Turn the Beat Around:
- Moyer, Matthew (15 April 2005). "Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco". Library Journal . 130 (7): 89. ProQuest 196856145. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- Woodcraft, Molloy (14 August 2005). "When mirrorballs ruled". The Observer . Archived from the original on 14 November 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
Disco is dead? Not in Turn the Beat Around, Peter Shapiro's exhilarating and informative rehabilitation of the dancing dinosaur, says Molloy Woodcraft
- Thompson, Ben (31 July 2005). "Turn the Beat Around by Peter Shapiro". The Independent . Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- Lachman, Gary (11 June 2005). "Disco infernal". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
Peter Shapiro and Dave Haslam take Gary Lachman back to the 70s with Turn the Beat Around and This Is Not Abba
- "Book Smarts: We Pick Our Favourite Dance / Electronic Music Books - Attack Magazine". Attack Magazine. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- Shanklin, Phil (11 October 2018). "Turn The Beat Around – Peter Shapiro (2005) – A Real Life Review". reviewsrevues. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- Sandall, Robert (17 July 2005). "Music: Turn the Beat Around by Peter Shapiro". The Times . Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
- ↑ "Peter Shapiro - The Wire". The Wire . Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- 1 2 Paoletta, Michael (1999). "Rough guides explores Dancefloor rhythms & artists". Billboard . Vol. 111, no. 44. ProQuest 227141902. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
Shapiro's enclyclopedic guide encompasses jungle, hardcore techno, big beat, and trip-hop. Like Bidder's book, Shapiro's offers selective historical insight (A Guy Called Gerald and Alex Reece, for instance), as well as (almost) up-to-the-minute snippets on today's artists like Air, DJ Rap, and Thievery Corporation
- 1 2 Shanklin, Phil (30 May 2020). "The Rough Guide To Soul And R&B – Peter Shapiro (2006) – A Real Lives Review". reviewrevues. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- 1 2 Leach, Andrew (September 2008). ""ONE DAY IT'LL ALL MAKE SENSE": HIP-HOP AND RAP RESOURCES FOR MUSIC LIBRARIANS". Music Library Association. 65 (1): 9–37. ProQuest 196722463. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
Another two important reference sources that provide biographical information are the All Music Guide to Hip Hop, edited by Vladamir Bog danov, and Peter Shapiro's The Rough Guide to Hip-Hop. Although the books are similarly arranged, the biographical sketches in The Rough Guide to Hip-Hop are a bit more thorough
- 1 2 PieKarski, Bill (2004). "THE RAP ON HIP-HOP". Library Journal . 129 (12): 47–50. ProQuest 196758150. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
This pocket-sized encyclopedia includes 150-plus entries, predominantly biographical. Black-and-white portraits are generous and well selected, and the choice of entries is comprehensive and commendable
- ↑ "Professionals - Peter B. Shapiro BakerHostetler". BakerHostetler . Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ↑ The Oxford Handbook of Computer Music - Page 352 0195331613 R. T. Dean - 2009 - Shapiro, P., ed. 2000. Modulations. A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound. New York: Caipirinha
- ↑ Dadas, Caroline (1 February 2001). "Modulations: A History of Electronic Music; Throbbing Words on Sound". Library Journal . 126 (2): 97. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ↑ Battaglia, Andy (26 February 2003). "Rob Young, Editor: Undercurrents: The Hidden Wiring Of Modern Music". AV Club. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
In a pair of rich essays on the robotics of rhythm, Peter Shapiro and Biba Kopf chart a searching line from New Orleans marching bands to James Brown to Kraftwerk, mixing the militaristic traces of brass bands with the post-War hauntings of Germany's Autobahn.
- ↑ Kwaku (2001). "Words & deeds". Billboard . Vol. 113, no. 31. p. 26. ProQuest 227148082. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
However, if you're more interested in something that covers today's key players, then Peter Shapiro's handy, pocket-sized The Rough Guide to Hip-Hop (Rough Guide/Penguin, roughguides.com) fits the bill.
