Petscop

*Petscop*
Petscop
	Fan recreation of Petscop's in-universe logo
Presentation
Genre	Horror ; Creepypasta ; Surrealism ; Let's Play
Created by	Tony Domenico
Language	English
Production
No. of episodes	24
Publication
Original release	March 12, 2017 –; September 2, 2019
Related
Website	www.youtube.com/@Petscop/

Last updated March 28, 2024

Petscop is a YouTube horror web series by Tony Domenico, made to resemble a YouTube Let's Play series. The videos follow "Paul", the protagonist, exploring and documenting a supposedly "long-lost PlayStation video game" titled Petscop. The 24-episode series ran from March 12, 2017, to September 2, 2019.^[2] The series received widespread coverage for its storytelling, authenticity, surrealism, and its active community of viewers.^[3]^[4]

Plot summary

The main character, Paul, has found or received a copy of the titular unreleased game Petscop supposedly developed by the fictional company Garalina, uploading recordings of its early levels. Initially, the game seems like a standard PlayStation puzzle game, centering around the player character—named "Guardian"^[5]—capturing strange creatures known as "pets" by solving puzzles.^[6]^[7] Paul notes that the game is unfinished and lacks playable content. The first four episodes are recorded by Paul for a specific, unnamed, person. Later, Paul acknowledges that his recordings have found an audience on YouTube, though he still narrates directly to the unseen character, and occasionally speaks to them on the telephone.

The game box, however, came attached with a note containing a code and instructions. By following these, Paul is able to access a dark, hidden section of the game. The new area, known as the "Newmaker Plane",^[4]^[7]^[8] is a vast grassy field, pitch dark except for a spotlight following the Guardian. The field has few landmarks, and a large network of underground tunnels. The area still loosely follows conventions of puzzle games, and Paul attempts to reverse engineer the puzzles (and the internal logic of the game) to continue progressing. As Paul finds more content, it is slowly revealed—through references to 'real-world' events and characters—that Petscop was designed for a specific person who did something horrible.

The series' overarching plot involves a man named Marvin, the disappearance of his childhood friend Lina, and an incident in which Marvin kidnaps his own daughter, Care, who he believes to be Lina reborn. There is a recurring focus on "rebirthing", a failed attempt to rebirth a girl named Belle into a girl named Tiara, and a growing connection between Paul, his family's past, and the game. It is later implied that some footage is not from Paul's perspective, introducing new viewpoints from Belle and Marvin, who are all playing Petscop simultaneously. Marvin solicits Paul's help to find landmarks on the Newmaker Plane, and re-enact the process of rebirthing his daughter, Care. Later, Paul realizes that the landmarks on the Newmaker Plane may have significance to real-life locations; after presumably traveling to one of the real landmarks, Paul's voice is no longer present after this point, though his videos continue to be uploaded without narration.

Characters

Inside the game

Guardian^[5] or Newmaker^[1] – The player character that Paul controls. It is a green animal-like creature of an unknown species.^[4]
Red Tool – A large red object that the player can ask questions to, though it usually responds with "I don't know". It is found under the Newmaker Plane, in a room with a view of a windmill. Various other 'tools' in different colors are found across the series.^[4]
Marvin – Marvin exists as a character in the game, and as a person mentioned in real life. Presumably, the real Marvin is playing the game as his avatar. Paul identifies him as the strange, green-faced creature in "Petscop 8". He is the father of Care, and kidnapped her in 1997 to perform rebirthing. Marvin appears occasionally to assist Paul, and they learn to communicate in an esoteric PlayStation controller language. In certain recordings, Marvin is seen playing sections of the game which specifically address him, implying the game was made for Marvin to find.^[9] Marvin later turns on Paul, and somehow hurts him physically in "Petscop 15".
Carrie Mark (Care) – Care is depicted in the game and is mentioned to have existed in real life. She was abducted for a period in 1997 before returning—what happened in the interim is unknown, as is what happened afterwards. In the game, she is considered a "pet" and is caught under the Newmaker Plane. She exists in three different states: A (before her kidnapping), B (during her captivity) and NLM ("Nobody Loves Me", after escaping). A fourth state exists, depicted as a literal Easter egg, after her failed "rebirthing" attempt.^[10] She is depicted only as a static item.
Michael Hammond (Mike) – A 7-year-old boy who lived from 1988 to 1995. His tombstone is found by Paul in the game, and he is later implied to be Rainer's brother, making him the cousin of Care.^[8]^[11] The circumstances of his death are unknown, but it is implied that Petscop was originally created to be his birthday gift.
Lina Leskowitz – Carrie's aunt, who went missing as a girl in 1977—along with an entire windmill, which vanished behind her. Marvin saw this happen, and later believed that Lina was "reborn" into his daughter, Care. Lina is thanked for "making (the game) possible" and is referred to as "boss"; the series ends with Paul and Belle walking into her. It is repeatedly said that "not everyone" can see her.

Pets

Randice – A flower who exists in a symbiotic relationship with Wavey.
Toneth – A pet shown in a painting alongside Randice. Only found on the Newmaker Plane, he is a bird who has apparently broken his leg in a car accident.
Wavey – A cloud who waters Randice to keep him alive.
Amber – A large sentient ball who enjoys staying in her cage.
Pen – An aspiring mathematician who spends her time in the music room, despite being deaf.
Roneth – Toneth's baby half-brother. The method of catching him is retroactively revealed in the Newmaker Plane, in a series of puzzles that mimic the Pets.

Outside of the game

Paul – Identified as such only due to naming his save file,^[12] Paul is quiet and investigative. Nothing is definitively known about his connection to the family, other than his recognition of some events, and his desire to uncover the secrets of the game. There are several parallels between him and Care—he mentions that they look alike and share the same birthday—implying a surrealistic connection between the two. As Care never appears in the story, it is speculated that they are somehow the same person. Near the end of the series, there are several references to Paul being under some form of surveillance or being in captivity.
Belle (also known as Tiara Leskowitz) – Throughout the series, Paul addresses a specific person, even in its first line: "This is just to prove to you that I'm not lying about this game I found."^[13] In "Petscop 22",^[14] Paul refers to this person as "Belle". A person named Tiara, first mentioned by the Tool and in a note in "Petscop 5",^[11] is depicted as an in-game character. Later in the series, the character insists her name is Tiara not Belle.^[1] In the series epilogue, Belle asks Paul if he remembers being "born"; when they were "smuggled away" by Lina, implying a family relationship.
Rainer – Presumably a nickname for Care's cousin, Daniel Hammond. Rainer is or was the lead developer of Petscop, and his motives for creating the game are unclear. Some elements of the game are intended for Marvin to see, and to uncover the mystery of where he took Care. Rainer had somehow been in contact with Paul in his childhood and may have been the person to give him Petscop.^[15]
Anna – The wife of Marvin and mother of Care.^[16]^[17]
Jill – The owner of the channel and Care's aunt, apparently a suspicious figure according to Paul.^[3]

Reception

Petscop has received coverage from many news sources, such as The New Yorker and Kotaku : Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez wrote "if this is an internet story / game, then I am in awe of how elaborate it is",^[18] and for The New Yorker's Alex Barron, it is "the king of creepypasta".^[4] The Petscop YouTube channel, as of July 2023, has over 396,000 subscribers.^[19]

Interpretations and cultural links

Petscop, as a video game, is fictional,^[2]^[1]^[7] although this was obscured for the entire run of the series. Some viewers were initially unsure as to whether "Paul" and Petscop were real, until further into the series when it became more surrealistic.^[4]Petscop was not officially identified as fiction until after the finale, when creator Tony Domenico—who had remained anonymous for the series' 30-month run—revealed himself on Twitter. In his only interview, Domenico admitted that, while the story had a concrete plot, he chose to omit most of it, sometimes scrapping footage that was already done. "I hoped to get across a feeling like there's... something strange and complex happening in the background, and you just aren't getting a full view of it."^[3] In the darker sections of the game, there are many references to child abuse,^[18]^[1] childhood trauma, and irreparable corruption, making those recurring motifs throughout the series. In addition to these themes, Domenico has cited the Marble Hornets and Ben Drowned web series as influences, involving the audience by hiding things in each video. He also named the 2006 David Lynch experimental film Inland Empire as the strongest influence for the series and noted that "too much is lost in that translation into words".^[3]

The series' initial episodes also include allusions to Candace Newmaker and her death in rebirthing therapy.^[11]^[18]^[20] Throughout the series, the word "Newmaker" appears several times; the name of the central location, and as a title given to Rainer, the Guardian character, and/or Paul himself. In addition, there is an area known as the "Quitter's Room", the repeated question "Do you remember being born?", and a character named Tiara. Domenico has stated that while the references were intentional, he later regretted them.^[1]^[21] Other references include a quote from the book Daisy-Head Mayzie by Dr. Seuss ("Good grief and alas"), and the imagery of the character Care crying underneath a large flower, which at first appears to be growing from her head.

Notes

↑ 25, if one chooses to count the soundtrack, the final video uploaded as part of the series, which includes a brief epilogue.^[2]
↑ Soundtrack video was posted on November 28, 2019.

Related Research Articles

Mr. Driller is a puzzle video game franchise created by Yasuhito Nagaoka and Hideo Yoshizawa for Namco. The eponymous first game was released in 1999 for arcades and several home consoles, such as the PlayStation. Gameplay in the series consists of controlling Susumu Hori, the titular Mr. Driller, or one of his friends and destroying colorful formations of blocks to make it to the bottom of a well. In order to survive, players need to collect air capsules to replenish their depleting oxygen and avoid being crushed by falling blocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lina Inverse</span> Fictional character

Lina Inverse is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the comic fantasy-themed light novel, manga and anime series Slayers. Lina Inverse is a young yet very powerful sorceress travelling the world in search of adventure and treasure. Lina has been consistently voiced by Megumi Hayashibara in Japanese, dubbed by Lisa Ortiz in the English version of the TV series and by Cynthia Martinez in the English version of the films and original video animation episodes. Slayers novels are narrated by Lina herself from her point of view.

Laura Bailey is an American voice actress. She made her voice acting debut as Kid Trunks in the Funimation dub of Dragon Ball Z and has since voiced Emily / Glitter Lucky in Glitter Force, Tohru Honda in Fruits Basket, Lust in Fullmetal Alchemist and Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, the title character in the Funimation dub of Shin-Chan, and Maka Albarn in Soul Eater. She is a cast member of the web series Critical Role, playing Vex'ahlia ("Vex"), Jester Lavorre, and Imogen Temult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candace Newmaker</span> American child abuse victim (1989–2000)

Candace Elizabeth Newmaker was a child who was killed during a 70-minute attachment therapy session performed by four unlicensed therapists, purported to treat reactive attachment disorder. The treatment, during which Newmaker was suffocated, included a rebirthing script. She was wrapped in flannel to represent a womb and told to free herself while four adults used their hands and feet to push down on Candace's small body, making it impossible for her to move or breathe. This resulted in Candace losing her life, killed in the hands of her caretakers.

WayForward Technologies, Inc. is an American independent video game developer and publisher based in Valencia, California. Founded in March 1990 by technology entrepreneur Voldi Way, WayForward started by developing games for consoles such as the Super NES and Sega Genesis, as well as TV games and PC educational software. In 1997, they relaunched their video games arm, placing the company as a contractor for publishers and working on a variety of licensed assets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gourry Gabriev</span> Fictional character

Gourry Gabriev is a fictional character from the Japanese media franchise Slayers. In it, he is a mighty yet dimwitted mercenary swordsman who becomes a travelling companion and self-appointed guardian of the protagonist sorceress Lina Inverse. Despite being one of the most prominent character within the series, he provides comic relief even within a series that is already primarily a comedy to begin with.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naga the Serpent</span> Fictional character from the Slayers franchise

Naga the Serpent is a fictional character in the light novel, anime, manga, radio drama and game versions of Hajime Kanzaka's media franchise Slayers, who was introduced in Dragon Magazine in 1990. She is also often known as Naga the White Serpent, which is a more literal translation from Japanese, and an early English version by A.D. Vision had her name transliterated as "Nahga". The name she is best known by is in reality an alias of Princess Gracia Ul Naga Saillune.

Lucas Alan Cruikshank is an American YouTuber and actor who created the character Fred Figglehorn and the associated Fred series for his channel on the video-hosting website YouTube in late 2006. These videos are centered on Fred Figglehorn, a fictional six-year-old who has a dysfunctional home life and "anger management issues".

Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg, better known as PewDiePie, is a Swedish YouTuber known for his comedic videos. Kjellberg's popularity on YouTube and extensive media coverage has made him one of the most noted online personalities and content creators. He has been portrayed in media as a figurehead for YouTube, especially in the genre of gaming.

Beauty and the Beast is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional merchandise. The success of the original 1991 American animated feature, Beauty and the Beast, directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, led to three direct-to-video follow-up films, a live-action spin-off television series, a Disney World stage show, a Disney World restaurant, a trackless dark ride, several video games, merchandise, and the 10th longest-running musical in Broadway history, which was nominated for nine Tony Awards, winning for Best Costume Design. In March 2017, Disney released a live-action remake of the film.

Arin Joseph Hanson, also known by the pseudonym Egoraptor, is an American YouTuber, actor, rapper, and former animator. He is well known for his Flash cartoons, as well as being the co-founder and co-star of the popular YouTube Let's Play series Game Grumps.

Game Grumps is an American Let's Play web series hosted by Arin Hanson (2012–present) and Dan Avidan (2013–present). Created in 2012 by co-hosts Hanson and Jon Jafari, the series centers around its hosts playing video games. After Jafari left the show in 2013 to focus on his own YouTube webseries, JonTron, he was succeeded by Avidan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TomSka</span> British filmmaker (born 1990)

Thomas James Ridgewell, known online as TomSka, is a British YouTuber, filmmaker, vlogger, and actor. He is known for writing, directing, producing, and starring in his live-action sketch comedy YouTube videos and animated web-series such as asdfmovie, Crash Zoom, and Eddsworld where he both provided the voice and inspired the character of Tom and served as showrunner from 2012 to 2016. As of July 2023, his YouTube channel has over 7.22 million subscribers, and his videos have garnered over 2 billion views.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmine Masters</span> American drag queen

Martell Robinson, known by the stage name Jasmine Diane Masters, best known simply as Jasmine Masters, is an American drag queen, internet celebrity, YouTuber, and stand-up comedian. He is best known for competing on the seventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race and the fourth season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Robinson is responsible for several viral videos, many of which have become memes, most notably And I Oop! which was the most used gif of 2019.

Gia Gunn is the stage name of American drag performer Gia Keitaro Ichikawa. She is known for competing on the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race, the second season of The Switch Drag Race, and RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars season four.

Mary-Belle Kirschner, better known as Belle Delphine, is a South African-born British media personality, pornographic actress, model, and YouTuber. Her social media accounts feature erotic and cosplay modelling, sometimes blending the two together. Her online persona began in 2018 through her cosplay modeling on Instagram. Her posts on the platform were often influenced by popular memes and trends.

<i>Amnesia: Rebirth</i> 2020 video game developed by Frictional Games

Amnesia: Rebirth is a 2020 survival horror video game developed and published by Frictional Games. It was released for Windows, Linux, and PlayStation 4 on 20 October 2020, for Amazon Luna on 22 October 2021, and for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on 20 October 2022. It is the third installment in the franchise and serves as a sequel to Amnesia: The Dark Descent (2010). The game received generally favorable reviews.

Meta Runner is an Australian animated web series created by Kevin and Luke Lerdwichagul. It is produced in-house by Glitch Productions, along with production funding provided by Screen Australia, financed with support from Crunchyroll and AMD, and financed in association with Epic Games. It premiered on YouTube on July 25, 2019, with season 2 premiering on the channel GLITCH on October 16, 2020. The third and final season, known as Meta Runner: The Final Season, premiered on July 22, 2022.

Bucket Detective is a video game released in 2018 by The Whale Husband, a collaboration between American independent developer Jesse Barksdale and Finnish developer Samu Kovanen. Described as a "dark comedy horror game", Bucket Detective is an adventure game in which an illiterate and perverse author endures personal and moral sacrifices made to a cult in order to receive the literary inspiration to publish a novel. Bucket Detective, in line with Barksdale's previous game, The Static Speaks My Name, was strongly influenced by personal themes of "depression, anxiety and obsession" and designed in ways to disorient and confuse the player. The game, which was the first commercial project from Barksdale, received a positive reception from critics, with particular attention directed at the game's unusual and grotesque premise and disturbing content.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Moyer, Phillip (March 18, 2020). "There's Something Hiding in Petscop". EGM. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
1 2 3 "Petscop Has Ended With A Soundtrack Launch". TheGamer. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
1 2 3 4 "There's Something Hiding in Petscop | EGM". March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Barron, Alex (August 31, 2017). ""Petscop," the Creepy YouTube Series That Confounded Gamers on Reddit". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
1 2 Petscop (April 21, 2019), Petscop 18, archived from the original on March 29, 2020, retrieved May 4, 2019
↑ Elsam, Sara (June 25, 2018). "Petscop, the internet's favourite haunted video game". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
1 2 3 Barua, Deeparghya (April 25, 2019). "Petscop: The game that never existed". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
1 2 Greene, Dylan. "The Journey Across Newmaker Plane". Splice Today. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
↑ Colburn, Randall (April 24, 2017). "A creepypasta myth is being born around a supposedly unreleased 1997 game". The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
↑ Petscop (September 1, 2019). "Petscop 23". YouTube .
1 2 3 Molke, David (April 24, 2017). "Petscop - Angeblich unveröffentlichtes PS1-Spiel stellt das Internet vor Rätsel - GamePro". GamePro (in German). Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
↑ Carlos Saloz, Juan (April 24, 2017). "Un oscuro juego de PlayStation ha aparecido en YouTube, y el misterio no deja de crecer". PlayGround (in Spanish). Retrieved November 24, 2017.
↑ Peters, Lucia. "9 Creepy YouTube Web Series To Marathon When You're In The Mood For Some Spookiness". Bustle. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
↑ "Petscop 22". YouTube. September 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
↑ "Petscop". YouTube. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
↑ Petscop (December 25, 2017). "Petscop 11". YouTube .
↑ Petscop (April 20, 2019). "Petscop 17". YouTube .
1 2 3 Hernandez, Patricia (April 21, 2017). "People Are Trying To Find The Truth About A Creepy 'Unfinished' PlayStation Game". Kotaku. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
↑ "Petscop". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
↑ Siegler, Dylan (April 21, 2017). "Petscop Is a Supposedly Unfinished PlayStation Game That the Internet Is Trying to Figure Out". games.mxdwn.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
↑ Tony Domenico [@pressedyes] (November 20, 2019). "Regarding Newmaker references. Most of you know that this was intentional but I wanted to confirm it. It was extremely stupid of me" (Tweet). Retrieved April 10, 2020– via Twitter.

External links

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[3] 25, if one chooses to count the soundtrack, the final video uploaded as part of the series, which includes a brief epilogue.^[2]

[4] Soundtrack video was posted on November 28, 2019.

[egm-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moyer, Phillip (March 18, 2020). "There's Something Hiding in Petscop". EGM. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[sound-2] 1 2 3 "Petscop Has Ended With A Soundtrack Launch". TheGamer. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[:0-5] 1 2 3 4 "There's Something Hiding in Petscop | EGM". March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[New_Yorker-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barron, Alex (August 31, 2017). ""Petscop," the Creepy YouTube Series That Confounded Gamers on Reddit". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

[Youtube-7] 1 2 Petscop (April 21, 2019), Petscop 18, archived from the original on March 29, 2020, retrieved May 4, 2019

[8] Elsam, Sara (June 25, 2018). "Petscop, the internet's favourite haunted video game". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[Daily_Star-9] 1 2 3 Barua, Deeparghya (April 25, 2019). "Petscop: The game that never existed". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[Splice-10] 1 2 Greene, Dylan. "The Journey Across Newmaker Plane". Splice Today. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[11] Colburn, Randall (April 24, 2017). "A creepypasta myth is being born around a supposedly unreleased 1997 game". The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

[12] Petscop (September 1, 2019). "Petscop 23". YouTube .

[GamePro-13] 1 2 3 Molke, David (April 24, 2017). "Petscop - Angeblich unveröffentlichtes PS1-Spiel stellt das Internet vor Rätsel - GamePro". GamePro (in German). Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

[14] Carlos Saloz, Juan (April 24, 2017). "Un oscuro juego de PlayStation ha aparecido en YouTube, y el misterio no deja de crecer". PlayGround (in Spanish). Retrieved November 24, 2017.

[15] Peters, Lucia. "9 Creepy YouTube Web Series To Marathon When You're In The Mood For Some Spookiness". Bustle. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2017.

[16] "Petscop 22". YouTube. September 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.

[17] "Petscop". YouTube. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[18] Petscop (December 25, 2017). "Petscop 11". YouTube .

[19] Petscop (April 20, 2019). "Petscop 17". YouTube .

[Kotaku-20] 1 2 3 Hernandez, Patricia (April 21, 2017). "People Are Trying To Find The Truth About A Creepy 'Unfinished' PlayStation Game". Kotaku. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

[:3-21] "Petscop". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[22] Siegler, Dylan (April 21, 2017). "Petscop Is a Supposedly Unfinished PlayStation Game That the Internet Is Trying to Figure Out". games.mxdwn.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2017.

[23] Tony Domenico [@pressedyes] (November 20, 2019). "Regarding Newmaker references. Most of you know that this was intentional but I wanted to confirm it. It was extremely stupid of me" (Tweet). Retrieved April 10, 2020– via Twitter.

[1]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]