Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.
The Bankeraceae are a family of fungi in the order Thelephorales. Taxa are terrestrial, and ectomycorrhizal with plant species in families such as Pinaceae or Fagaceae. The family was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 6 genera and 98 species.
Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.
The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
Phellodon sinclairii is a native tooth fungus found in beech forests of New Zealand. It was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1867 as a species of Hydnum in Joseph Dalton Hooker's work Handbook of the New Zealand Flora. The type locality was on Maungatua. Gordon Herriot Cunningham transferred the species to the genus Phellodon in 1958.
Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.
Phellodon secretus is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Described as new to science in 2003, it is found in Finland, where it grows under the fallen trunks of pine trees. It somewhat resembles Phellodon connatus, but has a thinner stipe, a softer, cotton-like cap, and smaller, rounder spores.
Phellodon radicatus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1985 from collections made in Gainesville, Florida.
Phellodon putidus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was first described scientifically by George F. Atkinson as Hydnum putidum in 1900. Howard James Banker transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1906.
Phellodon plicatus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Australia, it was first described in 1925 by Curtis Gates Lloyd as a species of Hydnum. Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1966.
Phellodon tenuis is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Brazil, it was described as new to science in 1988 by Richard Baird.
Phellodon mississippiensis is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science by mycologist Richard Baird in 2014 from collections made in the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. It is one of the few Phellodon species with clamp connections in the hyphae.
Phellodon excentrimexicanus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Mexico, it was described as new to science in 1985 by mycologist Richard Baird. It is similar in appearance to Phellodon fibulatus, which is found in the southern Appalachian Mountains, but the Mexican species lacks clamp connections, and its stipe is consistently eccentric.
Phellodon atratus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. It occurs most frequently closer to the Pacific coast and under Sitka spruce.
Phellodon fibulatus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the United States, the fungus was described as new to science in 1972 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. It is one of the few species of Phellodon that possess clamp connections in its hyphae.
Phellodon maliensis is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Australia, it was originally described as a new species by Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1923. It was originally placed in Hydnum, until Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1966.
Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.
Phellodon confluens, commonly known as the fused cork hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1825 as Hydnum confluens by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1956. The fungus is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.
Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.
Aspergillus implicatus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Sparsi section. The species was first described in 1994. It has been reported to produce a versicolorin derivative.
