Planet Hunters

Last updated
Planet Hunters
Planethunters.jpg
Type of site
Volunteer Scientific Project
Available inEnglish
OwnerPlanet Hunters Team
Created byPlanet Hunters Team
URL www.planethunters.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
Launched16 December 2010;
13 years ago (2010-12-16)
Current statusOngoing

Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. [1] [2] It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University, [3] as part of the Zooniverse project. [4]

Contents

History

Planet Hunters and Planet Hunters 2.0

The project was launched on December 16, 2010, after the first Data Release of Kepler data as the Planet Hunters Project. [5] 300,000 volunteers participated in the project and the project team published 8 scientific papers. On December 14, 2014, the project was re-launched as Planet Hunters 2.0, with an improved website and considering that the volunteers will look at K2 data. [6] As of November 2018 Planet Hunters had identified 50% of the known planets with an orbital period larger than two years. [7]

Non-Planet Hunters project: Exoplanet Explorers

In 2017 the project Exoplanet Explorers was launched. It was another planet hunting project at Zooniverse and discovered the system K2-138 and the exoplanet K2-288Bb. This project was launched during the television program Stargazing Live and the discovery of the K2-138 system was announced during the program. [8]

Planet Hunters TESS (PHT)

On December 6, 2018, the project Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) was launched and is led by astronomer Nora Eisner. This project uses data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and is currently active (as of March 2023). [2] This project discovered the Saturn-sized exoplanet TOI-813 b [9] [10] and many more.

Until March 2023 PHT discovered 284 exoplanet candidates (e.g. TIC 35021200.01 [11] ), 15 confirmed exoplanets (e.g. TOI-5174 b [12] [13] ) and countless eclipsing binaries. All discovered exoplanet candidates are uploaded to ExoFOP by Nora Eisner or sometimes by another project member (see TOI and CTOI list provided by ExoFOP [14] ).

All exoplanet candidates are manually checked by multiple project members (volunteers and moderators) and need to pass different tests before they are accepted by Nora Eisner and uploaded to ExoFOP. But it is possible that not all PHT planet candidates become real (confirmed) exoplanets. Some of them may be grazing eclipsing binaries.

Planet Hunters: NGTS

On October 19, 2021, the project Planet Hunters: NGTS was launched. It uses a dataset from the Next Generation Transit Survey to find transiting planets. It is the first Planet Hunters project that uses data from a ground-based telescope. The project looks at candidates that were already automatically filtered, similar to the Exoplanet Explorers project. [15] The project found four candidate planets so far. [16] In the pre-print five candidates are presented. This includes a giant planet candidate around TIC-165227846, a mid-M dwarf. [17] This candidate was independently detected by Byrant et al. 2023 [18] and if confirmed could represent the lowest-mass star to host a close-in giant. [17]

Planet hunting

The Planet Hunters project exploits the fact that humans are better at recognising visual patterns than computers. The website displays an image of data collected by the NASA Kepler Space Mission and asks human users (referred to as "Citizen Scientists") to look at the data and see how the brightness of a star changes over time. This brightness data is represented as a graph and referred to as a star's light curve. Such curves are helpful in discovering extrasolar planets due to the brightness of a star decreasing when a planet passes in front of it, as seen from Earth. [19] Periods of reduced brightness can thus provide evidence of planetary transits, but may also be caused by errors in recording, projection, or other phenomena. [20]

Special occurrence

Eclipsing binary stars

From time to time, the project will observe eclipsing binary stars. Essentially these are stars that orbit each other. Much as a planet can interrupt the brightness of a star, another star can too. There is a noticeable difference on the light curves. It will appear as a large transit (a large dip) and a smaller transit (a smaller dip). [21] [22]

Multiplanet systems

As of December 2017, there are a total of 621 multiplanet systems, or stars that contains at least two confirmed planets. [23] In a multiplanet system plot, there are many different patterns of transit. Due to the different sizes of planets, the transits dip down to different points. [24]

Stellar flares

Stellar flares are observed when there is an explosion on the surface of a star. This will cause the star's brightness to shoot up considerably, with a steep drop off. [25]

Discoveries

Artist's impression of TOI-813 b, an exoplanet discovered by Planet Hunters TOI-813 b.jpg
Artist's impression of TOI-813 b, an exoplanet discovered by Planet Hunters

So far, over 12 million observations have been analyzed. Out of those, 34 candidate planets had been found as of July 2012. [26] In October 2012 it was announced that two volunteers from the Planet Hunters initiative had discovered a novel Neptune-like planet which is part of a four star double binary system, orbiting one of the pairs of stars while the other pair of stars orbits at a distance of around 1000 AU. This is the first planet discovered to have a stable orbit in such a complex stellar environment. The system is located 7200 light years away, [27] and the new planet has been designated PH1b, short for Planet Hunters 1 b. [28] [29]

Key
# circumbinary planet
§Planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system (S-class or Satellite-class planet)
‡Host star with a Planetary system (two or more planets)

Yellow indicates a circumbinary planet. Light green indicates planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system. Light blue indicates host stars with a planetary system consisting of two or more planets. Values for the host stars are acquired via SIMBAD [30] and otherwise are cited. The apparent magnitude represents the V magnitude.

Planet Mass
(MJ)		 Radius
(RJ)		 Orbital
period
(d)		 Semimajor
axis
(AU)		 Orbital
ecc. 		Inclin.
(°)		 Star Constell.
App.
mag. 		Distance
(ly)		 Spectral
type 		Year of confirmationRef
PH1b #
(Kepler-64b)		<0.5310.55138.30.650.0790.1 Kepler-64 Cygnus 13.7187200F/M2012 [29] [31]
PH2b
(Kepler-86b)		<80.00.9282.52550.8280.12 - 0.4989.8 Kepler-86 Cygnus 12.6991200~G42013 [32] [33] [34]
PH3b
(Kepler-289b)		0.002 - 0.040.1934.5450.289.6 Kepler-289 ‡ Cygnus 14.14423002014 [35] [36] [33]
PH3c
(Kepler-289c)		0.41.03125.850.589.8 [35] [37]
PH3d
(Kepler-289d)		0.010.2466.10.389.7 [35] [38]
WASP-47d 0.040.329.0310.07 - 0.1<0.01489.3 WASP-47 ‡ Aquarius 11.9870G9V2015 [39] [40] [41]
WASP-47e 0.020.160.78960.020.01 - 0.0786.0 [39] [40] [42]
Kepler-455b 0.61311.1 - 1708.490.0 Kepler-455 Cygnus 14.35541002015 [43] [44] [33]
Kepler-456b 0.2 - 2.91167.6 - 13,721.989.8 Kepler-456 Lyra 12.8192500F5V2015 [45] [44] [33]
Kepler-457b 0.2 - 0.631.8189.3 Kepler-457 ‡ Lyra 14.33136002015 [46] [44] [33]
Kepler-457c 0.1 - 0.474.1 - 114.189.7 [47] [44]
Kepler-458b 0.4572.3889.8 Kepler-458 ‡ Cygnus 14.0835500F6IV2015 [48] [44] [33]
Kepler-459b 0.5854.0889.9 Kepler-459 Lyra 15.48750002015 [49] [44] [33]
Kepler-460b§0.6440.7889.9 Kepler-460 ‡ Lyra 13.8274300F6IV2015 [50] [44] [27] [33]
TOI-813 b 0.6083.890.4289.6 TOI-813 Dorado 10.286870G0 IV2020 [51] [9]
TOI-1338 b #0.1040.61195.1740.46070.088089.37 TOI-1338 Pictor 11.7221300M+G2020(?) [52] [53] [54] [55]
HD 152843 b 0.017-0.0570.30411.62640.10530.1488.85 HD 152843 ‡ Hercules 8.85351.9G02021 [56]
HD 152843 c <0.0860.52019.26-350.11588.89 [56]
TOI-5174 b 0.48 (5.351 Earth radii)12.214286 TOI-5174 Leo 11.583643.33G6.0V (derived)2022 [57] [58] [59]

Community TESS Object of Interest

Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) publishes Community TESS Object of Interest (CTOI) at ExoFOP, which can be promoted into a TESS Object of Interest (TOI). Of the 151 CTOIs submitted by Planet Hunters researchers, 81 were promoted to TOIs (as of September 2022). [60] The following exoplanets first submitted as PHT CTOIs were later researched by other teams (some examples): TOI-1759 b, [61] [62] [63] TOI-1899 b, [64] TOI-2180 b, [65] TOI-4562 b [66] [67] and HD 148193 b (TOI-1836). [68] [69]

Variable stars and unusual systems

In September 2013 the project discovered the unusual cataclysmic variable KIC 9406652. [70] In April 2014 the unusually active SU Ursae Majoris-type dwarf nova GALEX J194419.33+491257.0 was discovered. This cataclysmic variable was discovered as a background dwarf nova of KIC 11412044. [71]

In January 2016 unusual dips in KIC 8462852 were announced. The unusual light curve of KIC 8462852 (also known as Boyajian's Star) [72] has engendered speculation that an alien civilization's Dyson sphere [73] [74] is responsible. [75]

In June 2016 the project found 32 likely eclipsing binaries. The work also announced likely exoplanets. [76]

In February 2018 the first transiting exocomets were discovered. The dips were found by one of the authors, a Planet Hunters participant, in a visual search over five months of the complete Q1-Q17 Kepler light curve archive spanning 201250 target stars. [77] [78]

In February 2022 Planet Hunters:TESS announced the discovery of BD+61 2536 (TIC 470710327), a massive hierarchical triple star system. The system is predicted to undergo multiple phases of mass transfer in the future, and likely end up as a double neutron star gravitational wave progenitor or an exotic Thorne-Zytkow object. [79]

See also

Zooniverse projects:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 219134</span> Star in the constellation Cassiopeia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is a space telescope for NASA's Explorer program, designed to search for exoplanets using the transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by the Kepler mission. It was launched on 18 April 2018, atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle and was placed into a highly elliptical 13.70-day orbit around the Earth. The first light image from TESS was taken on 7 August 2018, and released publicly on 17 September 2018.

Gliese 806 is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located about a degree to the southeast of the bright star Deneb. It is invisible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +10.79. The star is located at a distance of 39.3 light years from the Sun based on stellar parallax. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −24.6 km/s, and is predicted to come to within 30.1 light-years in ~198,600 years. The star hosts two known planetary companions.

A Kepler object of interest (KOI) is a star observed by the Kepler space telescope that is suspected of hosting one or more transiting planets. KOIs come from a master list of 150,000 stars, which itself is generated from the Kepler Input Catalog (KIC). A KOI shows a periodic dimming, indicative of an unseen planet passing between the star and Earth, eclipsing part of the star. However, such an observed dimming is not a guarantee of a transiting planet, because other astronomical objects—such as an eclipsing binary in the background—can mimic a transit signal. For this reason, the majority of KOIs are as yet not confirmed transiting planet systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA Exoplanet Archive</span> Online astronomical exoplanet catalog and data service

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WASP-47 is a star similar in size and brightness to the Sun about 881 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius. It lies within the Kepler K2 campaign field 3. It was first noticed to have a hot Jupiter exoplanet orbiting every 4 days in 2012 by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) team. While it was thought to be a typical hot Jupiter system, three more planets were found in 2015: an outer gas giant within the habitable zone, a hot Neptune exterior to the hot Jupiter's orbit and a super-Earth interior to the hot Jupiter's orbit. WASP-47 is the only planetary system known to have both planets near the hot Jupiter and another planet much further out.

TOI-700 is a red dwarf 101.4 light-years away from Earth located in the Dorado constellation that hosts TOI-700 d, the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TOI-700 d</span> Goldilocks terrestrial planet orbiting TOI-700

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">TOI-1338</span> Binary star system in the constellation Pictor

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planet Patrol (project)</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">TOI-2180 b</span> Jovian-sized exoplanet orbiting TOI-2180

TOI-2180 b is a giant exoplanet orbiting the G-type star TOI-2180, also known as HD 238894. It was discovered with the help of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and is currently the exoplanet with the longest orbital period TESS was able to uncover. TOI-2180 b orbits its host star every 260.16 days.

TOI-1227 b is one of the youngest transiting exoplanets discovered, alongside K2-33b and HIP 67522 b. The exoplanet TOI-1227 b is about 11±2 million years old and currently 9.6 R🜨 large. It will become a 3-5 R🜨 planet in about 1 billion years, because the planet is still contracting. TOI-1227 b orbits its host star every 27.36 days.

HD 152843 is a single star with a pair of close-orbiting exoplanets, located in the northern constellation of Hercules. It is positioned at a distance of 356 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and at that range is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.85. The system is receding further away with a radial velocity of 10 km/s.

TOI-813 is a bright subgiant G-type star located 858 light-years away from planet Earth. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. TOI-813 has a mass of 1.32 solar masses, a radius of 1.95 solar radii and a luminosity of 4.3 times the solar luminosity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TOI-813 b</span> Gas giant exoplanet orbiting TOI-813

TOI-813 b is a Saturn sized exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-813, a evolved and bright subgiant G-type star located 858 light years away from Earth. The exoplanet is a Neptune like gas giant type planet with 42 ME and 6.7 R🜨. In approximately 780 million years, the planet will be engulfed and destroyed by its parent star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GJ 3929</span> Red dwarf star in the constellation Corona Borealis

GJ 3929, also known as Gliese 3929 and TOI-2013, is a red dwarf star located 51.6 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Corona Borealis. With an apparent magnitude of 12, it is not visible to the naked eye. In 2022, two exoplanets were detected orbiting the star.

References

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