Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste,manure,municipal waste,plant material,sewage,green waste,wastewater,and food waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester,biodigester or a bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide,moisture and siloxanes. The methane can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel;it can be used in fuel cells and for heating purpose,such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country,city,or other area,and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy,households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as roads,railways,bridges,airports,public transit systems,tunnels,water supply,sewers,electrical grids,and telecommunications. In general,infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable,sustain,or enhance societal living conditions" and maintain the surrounding environment.
The Ontario Energy Board is the provincial regulator of natural gas and electricity utilities in Ontario,Canada. This includes setting rates,and licensing all participants in the electricity sector including the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO),generators,transmitters,distributors,wholesalers and electricity retailers,as well as natural gas marketers who sell to low volume customers.
India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. During the fiscal year (FY) 2023–24,the total electricity generation in the country was 1,949 TWh,of which 1,734 TWh was generated by utilities.
The energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy,including fuel extraction,manufacturing,refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel,and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOP&NG) is a ministry of the Government of India responsible for the exploration,production,refining,distribution,marketing,import,export,and conservation of petroleum,natural gas,petroleum products,and liquefied natural gas in the country. The ministry is headed by Cabinet minister Hardeep Singh Puri,while its secretary is Pankaj Jain,a 1990-batch IAS officer of the Assam-Meghalaya cadre. Dharmendra Pradhan,who served from 26 May 2014 to 7 July 2021,is its longest serving minister till date.
Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd (GSPCL) is a state government-owned group of oil and gas exploration,production and distribution companies based in Gujarat,India. It is India's only state government-owned oil and gas company under the ownership of Department of Energy and Petrochemicals,Government of Gujarat. GSPC was incorporated in 1979 as a petrochemical company.
The Siemens Energy Sector was one of the four sectors of German industrial conglomerate Siemens. Founded on January 1,2009,it generated and delivered power from numerous sources including the extraction,conversion and transport of oil and natural gas in addition to renewable and alternative energy sources. As of October 1,2014,the sector level has been eliminated,including the Siemens Energy Sector.
GAIL (India) Limited is an Indian state-owned energy corporation with primary interests in the trade,transmission and production distribution of natural gas. GAIL also has interests in the exploration and production solar and wind power,telecom and telemetry services (GAILTEL) and electricity generation. GAIL was founded as the Gas Authority of India Ltd. in August 1984 under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to build,operate and maintain the HVJ Gas Pipeline. On 1 February 2013,the Indian government conferred GAIL with Maharatna status along with 14 other Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).
The economic growth in India followed socialist-inspired politicians for most of its independent history,including state-ownership of many sectors;India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence. Since the mid-1980s,India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s,India has progressed towards a free market economy. The Indian economy is still performing well,with foreign investment and looser regulations driving significant growth in the country.
Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW. The installed capacity grew from 11,000 MW in 1970 with an average yearly growth of 5.8% per year. Brazil has the largest capacity for water storage in the world,being dependent on hydroelectricity generation capacity,which meets over 60% of its electricity demand. The national grid runs at 60 Hz and is powered 83% from renewable sources. This dependence on hydropower makes Brazil vulnerable to power supply shortages in drought years,as was demonstrated by the 2001–2002 energy crisis.
Egypt–India relations are bilateral relations between Egypt and India. Modern Egypt–India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mahatma Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955,Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War,Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the British Commonwealth. In 1967,following the Six-Day War,India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977,New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton,raw and manufactured fertilizers,oil and oil products,organic and non-organic chemicals,leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn,sesame,coffee,herbs,tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited,bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.
Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia is the former Director of Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (2002–2007). Prior to that,he was the Dean at Ahmedabad (1998–2001) and a professor in Economics He was also the Director General of International Management Institute,New Delhi. Prior to joining IMI New Delhi,he was the Director of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management and Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences,Bhuj.
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC),a key regulator of the power sector in India,is a statutory body functioning with quasi-judicial status under sec –76 of the Electricity Act 2003. CERC was initially constituted on 24 July 1998 under the Ministry of Power's Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act,1998 for rationalization of electricity tariffs,transparent policies regarding subsidies,promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies,and for matters connected Electricity Tariff regulation. CERC was instituted primarily to regulate the tariff of power generating companies owned or controlled by the Government of India,and any other generating company which has a composite scheme for power generation and interstate transmission of energy,including tariffs of generating companies.
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited (TPDDL) is an Indian electric utility serving the northern and western parts of Delhi. It is a joint venture between the Government of NCT of Delhi and Tata Power Company Limited,which holds a 51% majority stake in the venture.
Myanmar,is a developing country and an important natural gas and petroleum producer in Asia. It is home to one of the world's oldest petroleum industries,with its first crude oil exports dating back to 1853. Today,the country is one of the major natural gas producers in the Asian continent. Decades of isolation,sanctions,a lack of technical capacity,opaque government policies and insufficient investment has impeded the country's efforts to develop an upstream hydrocarbon sector. Recent but slow political reform has led the international community to ease sanctions on Burma,giving rise to hopes of greater investment and economic growth. In 2015-2016,the petroleum industry attracted the highest-ever amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the history of Myanmar.
Rabi Narayan Bastia is an Indian geoscientist and the Global Head of Exploration at Lime Petroleum,Norway,known for his contributions in the hydrocarbon explorations at Krishna Godavari Basin (2002),at Mahanadi Basin (2003) and at Cauvery (2007). A non-executive director of Asian Oilfield Services Limited and the President at OilMax Energy,Bastia is a recipient of the Odisha Living Legend Award. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri,in 2007,for his contributions to Science and Technology.
M. A. Pathan was the chairman of the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. from February 1997 to March 2002. He had been on the Indian Oil board since the year 1994 as the Director-in-Charge of Marketing. He was also the Chairman of the Petroleum Federation of India (PetroFed) from April 1,2002 to August 3,2003.
Gufran-Ullah Beig is an Indian meteorologist and a scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,Pune. He is the programme director of System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research (SAFAR),a network of air quality and weather monitoring stations,which assists in the forecast of air quality and in maintaining an emission inventory. An elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences,he received the Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award of the World Meteorological Organization in 2005,the first Indian to receive the honor. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research,awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology,one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth,Atmosphere,Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2006.
Leakgate was a 2015 scandal in India involving the theft and sale of official documents. According to the Central Bureau of Investigation,officials,including those with the Department of Economic Affairs and the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management allegedly stole documents related to foreign investments and sold them to a firm based in Mumbai,who passed the documents on to a number of private companies,including DLF Limitless Developers,HDFC Bank,Glenmark Pharmaceuticals,Infraline Energy Modril India,Prime Living,NovaLead Pharma,IndusInd Bank and Kakardi British Realty.
