Known for their martial culture, the Hatuqay maintained a significant military force and frequently engaged in warfare against the Crimean Khanate and rival Circassian tribes.[3] The Principality of Hatuqay took part in the Russo-Circassian War and was ultimately annexed and abolished by the Russian military administration in 1863; its population was forcibly resettled or dispersed, effectively removing the entity from the map.[11]
History
Medieval Period
Village of Khatukay (Хатукай / Хьатикъуай) in the Republic of Adygea, where the Hatuqay no longer reside
The Principality split from Chemguy in the 1330s.[12] Almost all knowledge about the founding of the Hatuqay Principality and tribe comes from oral history. According to these oral accounts, the founding dynasty of the Hatuqay Principality descends from king Inal: Prince Hatuqo (Adyghe: Хьатикъо) was the grandson of Inal, son of Chemrug and brother of Prince Boletoqo (Adyghe: Болэтыкъо), the first prince of the Chemguy Principality. The Hatuqays initially resided in the Zhaney region and separated from this region. The name Hatuqay derives from Prince Hatuqo, who was the brother of Prince Boletoqo (Adyghe: Болэтыкъо), the first prince of the Principality of Chemguy.[3] In the period following Inal's death, the Chemguy Principality was divided into two principalities. One became the land of Prince Boletoqo, and the other, Prince Hatuqo. The elder brother, Prince Boletoqo, remained in his principality in the region between the Greater Laba and Shkhakoshem rivers, retaining the name Chemguy. Prince Hatuqo, however, moved west and established the new principality of Hatuqay in the Zhaney lands.[3][6][13][14] According to later legends, Hatuqo was an Arab and a relative of Caliph Umar, after accidentally blinding a nobleman, he fled Arabia to Circassia via Kars to escape execution.[15]
A legend describes the separation of the tribes: The Chemguy and Hatuqay were originally one people ruled by three brothers: Boletoqo, Zan, and Hatuqo. The twins Boletoqo and Hatuqo, as infants, were sleeping in the same bed covered by a single fur cloth. In the morning, the cloth was found torn in two, leading their mother to shriek, "Woe unto you, Chemirgoy! They have torn you asunder!".[16] The brothers lived in peace until the younger two, Zan and Hatuqo, decided to separate from the eldest, Boletoqo. Prince Boletoqo punished the separatists by stripping them of their property. Hatuqo, tiring of his brother's authority, took his subjects and migrated west to establish a new principality.[17]
According to oral history, Hatuqo had a son, referred to as "great son of Hatuqo" (Adyghe: Хьатикъокъошхо), who had two sons: Biberd (Adyghe: Бибэрд) and Indar (Adyghe: Индар).[15] Biberd became the ancestor of the subsequent ruling line of Hatuqay princes. Legends attribute the origin of the Padis noble family (tlakotlesh) to Biberd's companion, Kalmyk.[15] Indar's line lost princely authority among the Hatuqays because his sons, Adam and Deguzhiy, were born of a non-noble mother. They eventually left to join the Chemguy princes, founding the Deguzhniekov noble family.[15]
Some historians suggested that the Khegayk tribe was separated from the Hatuqays.[18][19][20] The word "Khegayk" means "breakaways".[21] According to Amjad Jaimoukha, it was the Hakuch tribe who split from Hatuqays, which contributed to the weakening of the tribe.[18] In addition, Hatuqay and Hytuk may refer to the same tribe.[21][20]
The area of authority of the Hatuqay Princes and therefore the area where the Hatuqay tribe lived was for a long time near the Black Sea coast, around the Taman peninsula,[22] as well as the southern banks of the Kuban, a little further down from where the Afips (Афыпс) river flows.[7][23] The Principality of Hatuqay had a strong army and was one of the most warlike of Circassian principalities, known for its princes who were engaged in ceaseless internal wars against other Circassians.[24] In addition to wars against other Circassians, they actively participated in wars against the Crimean Tatars.[3] They had, according to Tatar writers, abundance of food supplies enough to feed a multi-thousand-strong army for more than a month. Of the grain crops, wheat, millet, and barley were grown. Horse breeding underwent significant development.[25]
Early Modern Period
In the 16th century, one of the Hatuqay princes, nicknamed "Pale," looted Astrakhan in alliance with the Kabardians.[3]
As a successor state to the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate claimed sovereignty over the Circassia.[26][27] This political relationship was characterized primarily by the obligation of Circassian princes to pay tribute to the Crimean Khan, predominantly in the form of slaves. This tribute was demanded upon the ascension of a new Khan to the throne or levied as fines for crimes committed by Circassian subjects.[28][27] When Circassian leaders refused to deliver the required number of captives, the Crimean leadership launched punitive military expeditions to enforce payment. These raids were justified by labelling the Circassians as "infidels". This justification became complicated from the 16th century onward as the Circassians increasingly converted to Islam; however Crimean Khans often ignored these conversions and rejected negotiations with Circassian envoys who pleaded over their shared religion.[27]
Despite the presence of Islam, there was debate over whether the region is Dar al-Harb (the Abode of War), where slaves could be taken, or Dar al-Islam (the Abode of Islam), which would prevent enslavement.[29] Despite some legal rulings (kanunname) suggesting Sharia should apply to certain tribes (which would protect them), the Ottoman state supported the Crimean Khan in enslaving Circassians, treating the region effectively as a source of slaves regardless of religious affiliation. It was not possible to determine whether the Circassians entering the Ottoman market were from Dar al-Harb or not, as both allied Muslim Circassians and non-Muslim Circassians were raided by the Khanate.[30] The Circassians were described as "neither Christians nor Muslims" by a courtier of the Crimean Khan. Some Ottoman chroniclers mention that the Circassians fought against the Crimean Khanate because they could not stand the "Tatar tyranny and oppression" (Turkish: zülm ü cevre).[27] In some cases, the Circassians pleaded with the Ottoman sultan directly, arguing that they were fellow Muslims, thus it was therefore "against the sharia to turn them into slaves". The Sultan withdrew permission for the Khan's campaigns based on this argument, although the Khan proceeded regardless.[27]
The Hatuqay maintained control over fertile lowlands and crucial trade routes in the northwestern Caucasus, resisting both Tatar incursions and pressure.[31][32] Tensions escalated throughout the 1540s as the Hatuqay leadership increasingly resisted demands for tribute and subordination.[33] According to the Crimean Chronicle "Tārih̲-i Ṣāḥib Giray H̲ān", the events were as follows:[34][35][36]
The Hatuqay princes Aledjuq and his brother Antenuq were involved in acts against the Crimean Khanate. Aledjuq is quoted as saying:[b][34][35]
The Khan, they say, is coming to plunder us, but we are not like the Zhaney and Kabardians. He is strong because of his cannons and artillery, but our cannons and muskets are the steep mountains and neighing horses. What could I possibly do with those cannon carts? What strength does the Khan have that he would come against me? If he comes, I will do such a thing to him that it shall become a legend in the world!
—Aledjuq
Crimean KhanSahib I Giray organized a punitive expedition in 1551, aiming to break Hatuqay resistance and assert Crimean authority in the region.[37] A Tatar chronicle claims this was because the Circassians, led by Aledjuq, raided a Crimean caravan near Azov in 1551;[38][37] however, the Ottoman Sultan had already sanctioned a raid.[39] The Khan set out on the path, exclaiming "where are you, sons of Hatuqay!"[c][37][39] The Hatuqay princes, upon hearing of the Khan approaching to plunder, led their population to hide deep into the mountains. They also forged an alliance with the Bzhedugs under their prince Buzhaduk (the founder of Bzhedug and the father of Cherchan and Khamish), who encouraged resistance and sided with them. Aledjuq and Buzhaduk spent five days feasting.[39] The Khan sent his commanders to kill Aledjuq in his sleep; but he woke up to a horse's neigh and bolted off his house with his closest men. One Tatar commander suggested attacking, but the other said, "Could any man possibly face them?", and allowed Aledjuq and his 15 men to escape without a fight. The Khan, upon hearing of this, was enraged:[d][39][37]
You egregious bitches, I indulged you, I made men out of you. Under my rule, you became rich and respected. Thinking you are men, I made you commanders and sent you at the head of two or three thousand men. You could not even stop 15 men, and you let them escape. Is that so?!
—Sahib Giray
The Khan had the commanders humiliated and tortured.[40][37] Following Aledjuq's escape, the Khan established a heavily fortified camp surrounded by trenches and stakes near a large, impassable river. He then pursued the Hatuqays and their Bzhedug allies deeper into the mountains, eventually ambushing them at the site where they were dividing the stolen goods from the pilgrims. The Hatuqay forces, though outnumbered, leveraged their knowledge of the landscape to conduct guerrilla-style warfare, harassing the advancing Crimean army and inflicting significant losses.[25] The battle itself was marked by a series of skirmishes and ambushes, with neither side achieving a decisive victory in the initial stages. The Hatuqay were eventually overwhelmed by the superior numbers and resources of the Crimean forces. Antenuq was captured and tortured to death with hot iron.[41] The Khan’s army advanced further into the region, capturing key settlements and strongholds.[25] 30 to 40 thousand slaves were taken, the Hatuqay population was tortured en masse, and Aledjuq's village was burnt to the ground.[25][42]
The Khan had inflicted severe blows on almost all major principalities of Circassia: Zhaney, Hatuqay, Bzhedug, Kabardia. It is after this that the Circassians started to seek alliances with Russia to fight against Tatar incursions.[25] However, despite claims of victory reported to the Ottomans by Sahib Giray, the Circassians were not subdued.[43] While the Khan was engaged in his campaign against the Hatuqays, his nephew, Devlet Giray, successfully seized the khanate's throne in Crimea. This usurpation was sanctioned by the Ottoman Sultan, and Sahib Giray's entire government and army defected to the new ruler without any resistance. Forced to flee, the deposed Khan sought refuge in the fortress of Temryuk, but envoys sent by Devlet Giray swiftly arrived and hacked both him and his son to death. The usurpation was followed by a ruthless purge in Crimea, where all of Sahib Giray's remaining sons, including his youngest children, were summarily executed.[25]
The Hatuqay principality led by Prince Aledjuq took part in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) on the side of the Ottoman Empire, as an ally of the Crimean Khanate.[44] Before the campaign, the Khan Mehmed II Giray, who was married to a Besleney Circassian noblewoman, consulted the Besleney prince Mejajuq Tutcheriy, who advised the Khan to not issue an order to the Circassians, instead he suggested the Khan simply let it be known that all Circassians, regardless of tribe or social rank, were free to join him. According to the Circassian advisor, only by making it voluntary would the Khan be able to gather a large force from among the Circassians.[45]
Aledjuq ruled during a period of conflict between the Chemguys and the Bzhedugs. Aledjuq allied with the Chemguy prince Tumenish against the Bzhedugs. In the battle, Tumenish was killed, thus Aledjuq took command of the Hatuqay-Chemguy forces, rallying the confused troops to defeat the Bzhedugs.[15]
Giovanni Lucca mentioned the principality in the early 1600s.[10] The Ottoman-Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi visited the Hatuqay region in the 1660s,[5] and met Prince Janbe-Girey (Adyghe: Джаныбэджэрый); Çelebi wrote in his book, Seyahatnâme:[46]
The Great Province of Hatuqay. Its prince is named Jangirey, that is, Janbe Giray. When Janbe Giray Sultan was a guest there, a child was born to the prince that very night; thus, they named him Jangirey after Janbe Giray Sultan. To this day, Circassian traditions are such that if a son is born while a guest is in the house, they name him after the guest. At that very moment, a wet nurse takes the boy away to another place. She feeds and raises him even better than his own mother and father could. We observed that this is still the case. If there is no guest in the house, they give the boy the name of a neighbor; this is their ancient custom. This Hatuqay prince is wealthy, possessing many livestock and 8,000 fully armed soldiers. Because this province is a vast, fertile, and beautiful homeland, the Nevruz Mirza Tatars—who fled the Muscovite King after he killed his son, fighting their way through the Kalmyk infidels, crossing the Volga River and the Heyhat Plains—have settled here on the banks of the Kuban River in Hatuqay Circassian territory. They became kin. In total, they number 10,000 soldiers and 6,000 tents. They are exceedingly skilled with quivers, silver-inlaid gear, and weapons, and are valiant soldiers.
If you were to call this Circassian tribe "infidels," they would grant you neither mercy nor time, but would kill you on the spot. Furthermore, they say "La ilahe illallah" (There is no god but God), yet they eat fat pigs starting from the tail; they do not fast or perform the daily prayers, and they do not allow anyone who does not own a pig into the village. They have absolutely no churches, bazaars, markets, inns, or bathhouses. All travelers and passersby stay in private homes. If you are a guest in a house and leave your goods and property out in the open, not a single scrap will be harmed. Even if you were their enemy, the host and his neighbors would die for your sake. They would not let any harm come to you.
This Circassian language, even now, cannot be written down; it is a language based on listening, produced from the throat, cheeks, and under the tongue, a sound that is like a sparrow's chirp and cannot be committed to paper. This humble servant of God, a traveler of the world and companion to man, the unpretentious Evliya, has traveled for 51 years, setting foot in 18 kingdoms across seven climes, and has written down 147 languages with my gem-scattering pen, including their eloquence, rhetoric, and poems, in order to converse with the people of every region. But I could not write down this Circassian language with its magpie-like sound. By the will of God, we will try to write this language as best as we can. They have a peculiar dialect, for they are not literate. That is why it cannot be committed to paper; it is a bird's language, and that is that.
In the mid 18th century, the Hatuqay were ruled by prince Hapach. Under his rule, relations with the Bzhedugs improved significantly; his daughter was betrothed to the Bzhedug prince Batdjeriy. Relations with the Chemguys deteriorated. During his time, the Hatuqays lived near the modern stanitsa of Severnaya.[15] Hapach's son Jandjeriy led the Hatuqays during the major Shapsug-Bzhedug War. He maintained neutrality during the war, refusing the Shapsug call for help. Following this war, he migrated the Hatuqay people east of the modern Ryazanskaya stanitsa, settling between the Pshish and Belaya rivers. Later, the tribe moved to Bgyezho on the right bank of the Belaya River.[15]
One of the most famous Hatuqay princes was Aslandjeriy (Adyghe: Аслъанджэрый), who ruled in the early 19th century and was known for his character and oratorical skill despite being physically weak.[3] There is also a Crimean Khan named Arslan-Giray; Circassians would give a subsequent baby born in a village the name of a Crimean Khan if the Khan stayed in that village.[46] The principality reached its zenith during Aslandjeriy's reign.[3] On his deathbed, surrounded by elders and nobles, Aslandjeriy's will stipulated that every slave in the principality be freed according to Islamic obligations, and that no Hatuqay would be a slave thereafter. Following this, slave families in the Hatuqay region were emancipated.[3] Hatuqay, which used to be an important Circassian principality of West Circassia, lost this status with Aslandjeriy's death, as the Hatuqay Principality split into two warring factions.[3]
In the late 18th century, the Hatuqay Principality was relocated west of the Chemguys, in the territory situated between the Belaya (Шъхьагуащэ) and Pshish (Пщыщ) rivers.[47][48][49] The Hatuqay absorbed the Sobay, a large Circassian tribe that lived on the Belaya River. The Hatuqay nobles living in the large aul of Sobay were known as Sobe-pshi (Princes of Sobay).[50] In the first half of the 19th century, it shifted further east, settling between the Bzhedughs and the Chemguy.[24] By the first quarter of the 18th century, the population of the Hatuqay principality had sharply declined. In the early 19th century, their numbers were further reduced by a plague epidemic.[51]
In 1827, the Hatuqay sent a reassurance document to the Ottoman government, stating that they will stay loyal to the Ottoman caliphate.[52] In 1828, they gave a similar oath to the Russia Empire; but continued fighting against them in reality.[53] In the 1840s, the Hatuqay accepted the authority of Muhammad Amin, the representative of Imam Shamil in the Northwest Caucasus, and pledged to continue the jihad war against Russia.[54] In 1851, the Hatuqay led by prince Jandjeriy briefly relocated to Muhammad Amin's territory to better fight Russia,[55] but eventually returned to their original lands.[56][57]
By 1852, the new prince of Hatuqay, Indar, had a rank in the Russian military.[58] In 1862, specific governance structure was proposed for each of the Circassian sub-ethnic groups, consisting of a Waliy ('people's administrator') and a Qadi ('spiritual administrator'), to aid whom were appointed Naibs, aul elders in each village, and murtazaks (who performed police functions). The Hatuqays, for their part, elected as ruler: Cherchanuqo Indar; as qadi; Hadji Mussa, as naibs: Shakhoz Kunzharov and Adzhigoy Khanokov.[59] In 1863, the Russian military administration dissolved the tribe as a distinct entity in the Caucasus. The surviving Hatuqay were divided into small groups and forcibly resettled into large auls created for the Bzhedug tribe. The Hatuqay population was dispersed, the tribe effectively dissapeared from the map.[11]
He ruled during a period of conflict between the Chemguys and the Bzhedugs. Aledjuq allied with the Chemguy prince Tumenish. In the battle where Tumenish was killed, Aledjuq took command, rallying the confused troops to defeat the Bzhedugs.[15] Along with his brother Antenuq, he asserted Hatuqay's independence and challenged the Crimean Khan: the Circassians, led by him, attacked Azov in 1551.[60][61] This led to war.[25][12] Yet, the Hatuqay principality led by Prince Aledjuq took part in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) on the side of the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate.[44][45]
Mentioned by Evliya Çelebi; he is described as wealthy and a friend of the Tatars.[46]
Prince (Пщы)
Deway Pshikhafe
Дэуай Пщыхафэ
c.1774
A prince of the Hatuqay tribe mentioned in Circassian oral history, in the corpus of legends - "Kochas Khatkhe".[62][63] When he lived unclear, but the events of the legends are dated to 1774 by Ali Skhalyakho.[64]
Prince (Пщы)
Hapach
Хьэпӏэкӏ
c.18th century
Under his rule, relations with the Bzhedugs improved significantly; his daughter was betrothed to the Bzhedug prince Batdjeriy. Relations with the Chemguys deteriorated. During his time, the Hatuqays lived near the modern stanitsa of Severnaya.[15]
Prince (Пщы)
Jandjeriy, son of Hapach
Хьэпӏэкӏ ыкъо Джанджэрый
c.1796
He led the Hatuqays during the major Shapsug-Bzhedug War. He maintained neutrality during the war, refusing the Shapsug call for help. Following this war, he migrated the Hatuqay people east of the modern Ryazanskaya stanitsa, settling between the Pshish and Belaya rivers. Later, the tribe moved to Bgyezho on the right bank of the Belaya River.[15]
According to Sultan Khan-Giray, is credited with restoring the principality's status, reportedly "forcing even the strongest neighboring tribes to respect the Hatuqay."[65] Emancipated slaves on his deathbed.[3] He inherited the title when he was still a child, and was a boy for much of his reign.[65]
Prince (Пщы)
Jandjeriy Cherchanuqo, son of Aslandjeriy
Чэрчаныкъо Аслъанджэрый ыкъо Джанджэрый
c.1827 - c.1851
Mentioned in Ottoman documents around 1827.[52] Fought against Russia despite swearing oath.[53] Submitted to Muhammad Amin Asiyalav in the 1840s,[54] and in 1851 even briefly relocated to his territory to better fight Russia,[55] but eventually returned to original lands.[56][57] Last mentioned in around 1851.[57] He is not mentioned in a 1852 document listing Hatuqay princes.
Prince (Пщы) People's Administrator (Лъэпкъ Уэлий)
Indar Cherchanuqo
Чэрчаныкъо Индар
c.1852 - 1862 1862 - 1863
Mentioned in a 1852 document as "Yandarze", the Hatuqay prince with most possessions.[58]
In 1862, specific governance structure was proposed for each of the Circassian sub-ethnic groups, consisting of a Waliy ('people's administrator') and a Qadi ('spiritual administrator'), to aid whom were appointed Naibs, aul elders in each village, and murtazaks (who performed police functions). The Hatuqays, for their part, elected as ruler: Indar Kerkenokov; qadi; Hadji Mussa, naibs: Shakhoz Kunzharov and Adzhigoy Khanokov.[59]
Religion
The Circassians were Christianized between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD under the influence of the Byzantines and Georgians.[66][67][68] However, Christianity was not fully entrenched among the Circassians, having mixed with the local pagan religion, resulting in a semi-pagan, semi-Christian faith.[69] The Virgin Mary was both the Mother of God and the Goddess of Bees, while Jesus was syncretized with the Circassian high god Thashkho.[69] With the start of the Russo-Circassian War, Christianity began to be seen as the Russian religion among the Circassians, and the remaining Christians gradually converted.[70] Consequently, Christianity faced severe reactions among the populace.[69][70][71] The Hatuqay Circassians converted to Islam in the 17th century.[70]
↑ḫān bizi ġāret etmege varurın dėrmiş, / biz (19) Jane (20) ve Kabartay gibi / degülüz (21). Ol ṭopla / żarbzenine ṭayanub germ olur- muş (22), amma benim / ṭob ve tüfengim (23) sarp / ṭaġlar ve (24) aġırmaḳ atlardur. Ol / 'araba (25) ile ne / iş ėderüm der ola (26). Ḥānıñ ne cānı vardur ki benüm / üzerime (27) gele. Eger gelürse aña bir iş / ėderim (28) ki 'ālemde destān ola
↑«Bre yaman ḳaltaḳlar! Ben sizi ilerü çėküb adam ėtdim. Benim devletimde, bunca māl ıssı olub, kişi / şa- dedine girdiniz. Sizi adam dėyü çeri başı ėdüb, / iki üç biñ adamla gönderdim. On bėş / nefer kişiye muḳabele / olmayub, ḳaçurasız hemi!»
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123Хан-Гирей, Султан (1836). Записки о Черкесии (in Russian).
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↑Khotko, Samir (2015). Civilization of Kabarda (in Russian). Maykop: Poligraf-Yug. p.42.
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↑Nekrasov, A. M. (1990). Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i narody Zapadnogo Kavkaza (poslednyaya chetvert' XV – pervaya polovina XVI veka)[International Relations and Peoples of the Western Caucasus (Last Quarter of the 15th – First Half of the 16th Centuries)] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p.110.
↑Aydemir, İzzet, ed. (October–December 1974). "Kafkasya". Kafkasya Kültürel Dergisi (in Turkish). 11 (46). Ankara: İdeal Matbası.
↑Мыжаев, Михаил (1986). Адыгэ хъыбархэр (in Kabardian). Cherkessk.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑Khut, Sh Kh (2005). Istoriko-geroicheskiĭ ėpos adygov. Maikop: Adygei︠a︡. ISBN978-5-7992-0382-5.
12Khan-Giray, Sultan (1836). Записки о Черкесии (Notes on Circassia) (in Russian).
↑The Penny Magazine. London, Charles Knight, 1838. p. 138.
↑Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: a Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Westport, USA, Greenwood, 2000. p. 354.
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Russia (Republic of Adygea, Krasnodar Krai)
