Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews

Last updated

A number of religious groups, particularly Christians and Muslims, are involved in proselytization of Jews: Attempts to recruit or "missionize" Jews. In response, some Jewish groups have formed counter-missionary organizations to discourage missionary and messianic groups such as Jews for Jesus from using practices that they say are deceptive. [1] [2]

Contents

Christian missions

According to Rabbi Tovia Singer, counter-missionary expert and director of Outreach Judaism, there are well over 1,000 messianic congregations and other missions to the Jews worldwide. [3]

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church has historically been instrumental in its attempt to convert Jews. Such examples include conversos during the Inquisition, especially within Spain. However, since the Second Vatican Council and the production of the document Nostra aetate, the Catholic Church's attitude towards Jewish conversion has been that of sensitivity.

Pope Benedict XVI suggested that Jews should not be targeted for conversion. In his book, Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week, he stated “Israel is in the hands of God, who will save it ‘as a whole’ at the proper time, when the number of Gentiles is full” [4]

A document released by the Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews under Pope Francis stated "In concrete terms this means that the Catholic Church neither conducts nor supports any specific institutional mission work directed towards Jews,". [5] though it also says "Christians are nonetheless called to bear witness to their faith in Jesus Christ also to Jews." [6] . The document also denies that there is more than one path to salvation stating “Confessing the universal and therefore also exclusive mediation of salvation through Jesus Christ belongs to the core of Christian faith.” [7]

Protestantism

A number of Christian denominations have programs to reach Jews. [8] The JTA, a Jewish news service, conducted an extensive analysis of Christian efforts to convert Jews to Christianity [9] and found that some of the largest evangelical denominations – the Southern Baptists, the Assemblies of God, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod – have all increased their efforts to evangelize Jews in the recent past.

The article states that the Christian missionary organization Jews for Jesus completed a five-year tour called "Behold Your God" that brought its message to 53 cities worldwide, and the Christian Chosen People Ministries saw its income grow by 31% to $7.9 million between 2003 and 2006.

Jews for Judaism, [10] a Jewish counter-missionary group, writes that there are over 900 Christian groups in North America actively involved in missionizing the Jewish people. Jews for Judaism further states that these groups are currently spending over $250 million each year on efforts to convert Jews to Christianity. Jews for Jesus, the best known single ministry to the Jews, spent over $15 million in 2008. [11] The Assemblies of God has an extensive organization targeting Jews for conversion to Christianity. [12]

Israel has more than one hundred Messianic congregations according to Yaakov Shalom Ariel, an associate professor of religious studies at the University of North Carolina and author of Evangelizing The Chosen People. [9]

"Proselytizing is legal in the country and missionaries of all religious groups are allowed to proselytize all citizens; however, a 1977 law prohibits any person from offering material benefits as an inducement to conversion. It was also illegal to convert persons under 18 years of age unless one parent were an adherent of the religious group seeking to convert the minor. Despite the legality of proselytism, the government has taken a number of steps that encouraged the perception that proselytizing is against government policy. For example, the MOI[ who? ] has detained individuals suspected of being “missionaries,” and required of such persons bail and a pledge to abstain from missionary activity, in addition to refusing them entry into the country. It maintained denunciations of such activity from antimissionary groups like Yad L'Achim in its border control databases. The MOI has also cited proselytism as a reason to deny student, work, and religious visa extensions, as well as to deny permanent residency petitions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) promised the Knesset in 1986 to refrain from all proselytism voluntarily in conjunction with receiving a building permit for its Jerusalem Center following protests from the Orthodox community."

— A 2010 US State Department report on religious freedom in Israel [13]

A prominent effort to convert Jews to Christianity is known as Jews for Jesus. It was founded by Martin "Moishe" Rosen, who is of Jewish descent and grew up in a non-observant home, converted to Christianity, and was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1957. In 1973, Rosen left the employment of the American Board of Missions to the Jews, now called Chosen People Ministries, to incorporate a separate mission which became known as Jews for Jesus. In 1986, he received an honorary Doctor of Divinity Degree from Western Conservative Baptist Seminary in Portland, Oregon. Jews for Jesus is now led by David Brickner, who has been working for the organization since 1977. [14]

The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies. [15] Data from the Pew Research Center has it that, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians; most as Protestants. [16] [17] [18] According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. [17] According to a 2012 study, 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians. [19] [20]

Efforts to convert Jews to Christianity are sometimes regarded as antisemitic. [21] Most Progressive Christian and Mainline Christian denominations have publicly declared that they no longer proselytize Jews. [22] [23] Most evangelical and conservative Christian churches have said they will continue their efforts to evangelize among Jews and claim that proselytism is not antisemitic (even if some Jews disagree) . [24]

Muslim missions

Muslims have also targeted Jews for conversion. [25] Rabbi Moshe Cohen, of Yad L'Achim , an Israel-based counter-missionary organization, [26] has identified Al Dawaa, an Israel-based Muslim group headed by Sheikh Abu Yassin of Kafr Manda. [27]

Jewish response

Jewish counter-missionary organizations respond to these efforts by offering personal counseling, web sites with articles addressing common missionary tactics, and discussion forums where Jews who have questions about the differences between Judaism and other religions can be answered by observant Jews.

Some Jewish resources are specifically aimed at countering the missionary efforts aimed at Jews.

Rabbi Moshe Shulman has responded to specific missionaries who target Jews, including Michael Brown, [35] Rachmiel Frydland, Risto Santala, and David H. Stern (author of the Complete Jewish Bible). [36] Rabbi Shulman's website offers scholarly articles on the mis-use of the Targums, Midrash and Talmud by non-Jews who quote from Jewish sources in an attempt to convert Jews. [37]

The leading counter-missionary organization in Israel is Yad L'Achim , an organization focusing on Orthodox Judaism outreach and counter-missionary activity. Yad L'Achim is made up of both paid staff and volunteers, and is largely supported by donations both from Israel and the diaspora. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

Some Christian Churches, Christian groups, and ordinary Christians express religious antisemitism toward the Jewish people and the associated religion of Judaism.

Christianity began as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the Christian era. Today, differences of opinion vary between denominations in both religions, but the most important distinction is Christian acceptance and Jewish non-acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. Early Christianity distinguished itself by determining that observance of halakha was not necessary for non-Jewish converts to Christianity. Another major difference is the two religions' conceptions of God. Depending on the denomination followed, the Christian God is either believed to consist of three persons of one essence, with the doctrine of the incarnation of the Son in Jesus being of special importance, or like Judaism, believes in and emphasizes the Oneness of God. Judaism, however, rejects the Christian concept of God in human form. While Christianity recognizes the Hebrew Bible as part of its scriptural canon, Judaism does not recognize the Christian New Testament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judaism</span> Ethnic religion of the Jewish people

Judaism is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion. It comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people, having originated as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Contemporary Judaism evolved from Yahwism, the cultic religious movement of ancient Israel and Judah, around the 6th/5th century BCE, and is thus considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions.

Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others. Thus "religious conversion" would describe the abandoning of adherence to one denomination and affiliating with another. This might be from one to another denomination within the same religion, for example, from Protestant Christianity to Roman Catholicism or from Sunnī Islam to Shīʿa Islam. In some cases, religious conversion "marks a transformation of religious identity and is symbolized by special rituals".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jews for Jesus</span> Messianic Jewish organization

Jews for Jesus is an international Christian missionary organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, that is affiliated with the Messianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for its proselytism of Jews and promotes the belief that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of God. It was founded in 1970 by Moishe Rosen as Hineni Ministries before being incorporated under its current name in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messianic Judaism</span> Sect

Messianic Judaism is a modernist and syncretic sect that considers itself Jewish. Many consider it a part of the Christian movement of evangelicalism.

Proselytism is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs. Carrying out attempts to instill beliefs can be called proselytization.

Jews for Judaism is an international organization that focuses on preventing Jews from converting to other faiths and reclaiming those who have already converted. It provides counseling services, education, and outreach programs to all Jewish denominations. It was established in 1985 by Rabbi Bentzion Kravitz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopold Cohn (Christian clergyman)</span> Hungarian-American minister and evangelist

Leopold Hoffman Cohn was a Jewish convert to Evangelicalism who formed the Brownsville Mission to the Jews, an organization that now exists as Chosen People Ministries. Cohn lived in Hungary, and, shortly after his arrival to the United States, converted to Evangelicalism. He was ordained a Baptist minister. In his day, he was one of the most successful and controversial Christian evangelists to the Jews. In 1930, Cohn was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by Wheaton College, an Evangellical college.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew Christian movement</span> 1800s–1900s UK and US religious movement

The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity, but worshiped in congregations separate from denominational churches. In many cases, they retained some Jewish practices and liturgy, with the addition of readings from the Christian New Testament. The movement was incorporated into the parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s.

Tovia Singer is an American Orthodox rabbi and the founder and director of Outreach Judaism. Outreach Judaism is managed under the Eits Chaim Indonesia Foundation, which describes itself as an advocate for the Jewish faith, the Jewish people, and the State of Israel. After five years in Indonesia, Singer moved to Jerusalem, Israel on the 9th of May 2019 where he now lives in the Jewish quarter of the Old City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interfaith marriage in Judaism</span> Jewish religious views on interfaith marriages

Interfaith marriage in Judaism was historically looked upon with very strong disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains a controversial issue among them today. Many Jews followed the Talmud and all of resulting Jewish law Halakha until the advent of new Jewish movements following the Jewish Enlightenment resulted in the "Haskala"; in Halakha marriage between a Jew and a gentile is both prohibited, and also void under Jewish law.

Reform Judaism Outreach refers to the organizational and educational efforts by the Union for Reform Judaism and the Reform Movement as a whole to draw into Jewish life the non-Jewish spouses of interfaith families and seekers who are looking for a new religious home in Judaism.

Lev L'Achim, or P'eylim Lev L'Achim, is a Jewish educational organization operating in Israel. It has an American non-profit 501(c)3 affiliate of the same name.

The Church's Ministry Among Jewish People (CMJ) is an Anglican missionary society founded in 1809.

Yad L'Achim is a Haredi Jewish organization operating in Israel focusing on outreach, counter-missionary work, and opposition to interfaith marriage. Yad L'Achim is made up of both paid staff and volunteers, and is largely supported by donations, both from Israel and the Diaspora.

Penina Taylor is an American-born international Jewish inspirational and motivational speaker, life coach, and author. She became well known for the story of her spiritual journey, but now speaks on topics related to personal growth and marriage, as well as spirituality. Penina is the Executive Director of the Shomrei Emet Institute for Counter-Missionary Studies, and the founder of Torah Life Strategies. Shomrei Emet was briefly affiliated with the counter-missionary organization, Jews for Judaism, Jerusalem, during 2008.

Christian mission to Jews, evangelism among Jews, or proselytism to Jews, is a subset of Christian missionary activities which are engaged in for the specific purpose of converting Jews to Christianity.

Proactive conversion is a term used to refer to measures by various promoters of Judaism to provide outreach to non-Jews. It is distinguished from proselytizing, or active attempts of persuasion and solicitation toward conversion, but it is distinguished from the traditional rabbinical policies regarding prospective proselytes in that programs for conversion are opened to first-time inquirees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel College of the Bible</span> Private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Netanya, Israel

Israel College of the Bible, also known as ONE FOR ISRAEL Bible College is a private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Netanya, Israel. It is an independent academically accredited institution not recognized by the State of Israel.

References

  1. ↑ David Cho, "Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage: Jews for Jesus Trains 600 for Street Work", The Washington Post, August 17, 2004; Page B01 full text [ dead link ]
  2. ↑ Cho, David (August 17, 2004). "Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Let's Get Biblical Study Guide (Volume 1) page 13 ISBN 978-0996091305".
  4. ↑ Allen, John (March 10, 2011). "Church should not pursue conversion of Jews, pope says". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  5. ↑ Pullella, Philip. "Vatican says Catholics should not try to convert Jews, should fight anti-semitism". Reuters. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  6. ↑ "Vatican takes on tense question of salvation for the Jewish people". Catholic News Agency. December 11, 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  7. ↑ Akin, Jimmy (December 13, 2015). "New Vatican Document on Jews, Salvation, and Evangelization". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "Evangelizing the Jews". Jewsonfirst.org. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  9. 1 2 Yeoman, Barry (2007-11-15). "JTA, Inc". Jta.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  10. ↑ "Jews for Judaism". Jewsforjudaism.org. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  11. ↑ Archived September 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Who are The Assemblies of God, and what do they have to do with the Jews?
  13. ↑ Israel and the occupied territories, International Religious Freedom Report; BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR. US Department of State. 7 Nov 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-23
  14. ↑ "David Brickner's Homepage". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  15. ↑ Gundry, Stanley N; Goldberg, Louis (2003), How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement (Books), Zondervan, p. 24, ISBN   9780310244905 .
  16. ↑ "How many Jews are there in the United States?". Pew Research Center.
  17. 1 2 "A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates". Pew Research Center.
  18. ↑ "American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million". haaretz.
  19. ↑ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  20. ↑ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  21. ↑ US group denounces call by evangelical alliance for conversion of European Jews (Archive). European Jewish Press. Published September 5, 2008.
  22. ↑ Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue (World Council of Churches)
  23. ↑ Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews (religioustolerance.org)
  24. ↑ Why Evangelize the Jews? By Stan Guthrie. Christianity Today . Published March 25, 2008.
  25. ↑ "Jews for Allah". Jews-for-allah.org. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  26. ↑ "yad leachim". Yadlachimusa.org.il. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  27. ↑ "New Danger: Muslim Missionaries". Yadlachimusa.org.il. 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2011-01-21.[ dead link ]
  28. ↑ Jews for Judaism
  29. ↑ "Jews for Judaism".
  30. ↑ "Jews for Judaism".
  31. ↑ "Jews for Judaism".
  32. ↑ Proof Texts
  33. ↑ "Judaism's response to Christian missionaries". Outreach Judaism. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  34. ↑ "The Committee for Good Relations". Beyneynu. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  35. ↑ "Michael Brown". Judaismsanswer.com. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  36. ↑ "Lies Damned Lies and What the Missionaries Claim the Rabbis say". Judaismsanswer.com. 1996-02-22. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  37. ↑ "Judaism's Answer". Judaismsanswer.com. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  38. ↑ "About our Staff". Yadlachimusa.org.il. 2010-12-23. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-21.

Further reading


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.