Proto-Kra | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Kra languages |
Region | South China |
Reconstructed ancestor |
Proto-Kra is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages. It was reconstructed in 2000 by Weera Ostapirat in his Ph.D. dissertation.
Ostapirat (2000) provided preliminary phonological reconstructions for several lower-level groupings before attempting a reconstruction of Proto-Kra.
Proto-Kra has a total of 32 consonants, seven of which (marked in green) can occur as syllable finals (Ostapirat 2000:224, 236).
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unvoiced Stop | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | ||||||||
Voiced Stop | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||
Unvoiced Affricate | ts | tʃ | ʈʂ | |||||||||||
Voiced Affricate | dz | dʒ | ɖʐ | |||||||||||
Unvoiced Fricative | s | ʃ | x | |||||||||||
Voiced Fricative | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||||||||||
Approximant | w | l | j | |||||||||||
Rhotic | r |
Marc Miyake (2008, [1] 2021 [2] ) proposes alternative reconstructions for Ostapirat's (2000) Proto-Kra retroflex consonants, suggesting that many of them were actually non-retroflexes that had been influenced by pre-syllables, in particular with alveolar consonants leniting in intervocalic position. In synchronic Kra languages, reflexes are often attested as voiced fricatives, which Miyake (2021) does not believe to have developed from historical initial retroflex consonants. Some examples of Miyake's (2008) revised Proto-Kra reconstructions are provided below.
Miyake (2021) reconstructs some disyllabic lexical forms for Proto-Kra, including *mataA 'eye', *manokD 'bird', and *kVtuA1 'louse'.
Additionally, Miyake (2008) revises Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *pwl- as *CV-pl-, *bwl- as *CV-bl-, *m-pl- as *pl-, *(p/d/k)-l- as *(p/d/k)V-l-, *ʈ-l- as k-l-, and *ɖ-l- as *(k/tV)-l-. Proto-Kra consonants in Miyake (2021) [2] as compared to Ostapirat (2000) are:
Ostapirat (2000) | Miyake (2021) |
---|---|
*ʈ- | *CVt- |
*ɖ- | *CVd- |
*ɳ- | *CVn- |
*ɭ- | *CVl- |
*d-l- | *CVl- |
*tʂ- | *CVts- |
*dʐ- | *CVdz- |
*hr- | *hr- |
*r- | *r- |
Proto-Kra has a total of 6 vowels (Ostapirat 2000:235).
Height | Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |||||
Mid | e | ə | o | ||||
Open | a |
Proto-Kra has 4 diphthongs, which are not found in closed syllables.
Proto-Kra had an A–B–C–D tonal system typical of other Tai–Kadai languages (see Proto-Tai language#Tones ). The tonal descriptions below are from Ostapirat (2000:237).
The following table of phonetic characteristics of Proto-Kra tones was adapted from Ostapirat (2000:237).
*A | *B | *C | *D | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of final | sonorants, vowels | lax larynx (?) | tense larynx | stops |
Voicing | voiced | unvoiced | unvoiced | unvoiced |
Vocal cords | vibrating | wide open | closed | closed |
Vowel duration | long | medium | short | medium |
Below are reconstructed Proto-Kra forms from Ostapirat (2000).
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