Prune dwarf virus

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Prune dwarf virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Bromoviridae
Genus: Ilarvirus
Species:
Prune dwarf virus
Synonyms

cherry chlorotic ringspot virus
peach stunt virus
sour cherry yellows virus

Contents

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is an economically important plant pathogenic virus affecting Prunus species globally. PDV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through seed, pollen, and vegetative propagation. [1] The virus is in the family Bromoviridae an important family of plant RNA viruses containing six genera, including Alfamovirus , Ilarvirus , Bromovirus , Amularvirus, Oleavirus , and Cucumovirus . [2] PDV belongs to the genera Ilarvirus. It can cause dwarfism of leaves on certain prune and plum plants. It will also cause yellows in sour cherry, especially when present with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. [3] There are no known transmission vectors, though the pollen of infected cherry trees has been found to infect other cherry trees a small percent of the time. [4]

Hosts and symptoms

All cultivated species of the genus Prunus including plums, cherries (sour and sweet), almonds, peaches, and apricots, are susceptible to PDV. PDV causes more damage to Prunus than PNRSV. Symptoms are variable and depend on climate, virus isolate, host species, and cultivar. [5] Common symptoms of PDV are stunting of the tree, necrosis, and chlorosis. Symptoms of PDV in peach include darker green foliage, rosette formation in developing shoots, shortened internodes, and reduction in both plant and fruit growth. [6] [7] Frequently, PDV occurs in mix infections with other ilarviruses, like PNRSV. [8] Mixed infection of PDV and PNRSV reduce yield by up to 60% in peach, along with bark splitting and increased sucker production. [8]

Peach stunt disease

PDV and PNRSV are the most common viruses affecting peach in the southeastern US. PDV and PNRSV can cause disease independently of each other or can co-infect, resulting in a synergistic interaction causing a distinct dwarfing disease called peach stunt. [9] Peach stunt disease symptoms include stunting, defoliation, reduced fruit yield, reduction in trunk circumference, and doubled production of water sprouts. [7]

Transmission

Transmission of PDV mainly occurs through pollen, seed, and vegetative propagation (grafting and budding). PDV infected pollen can be transmitted from tree to tree (horizontal transmission) and from parent to progeny (vertical transmission). [10] [1] Seed transmission for PDV has been confirmed in various Prunus species. [11] In P. mahaleb, a cherry rootstock, the major method of PDV dispersal is through seed and can result in 40% to 50% seed transmission efficiency. [12] PDV is regularly inspected in inmported seeds from P. cerasifera, P. Persia, P. armeniaca, P. avian, P. mandshurica, P. serotina, and P. cerasus. [13]

Although there are no known transmission vectors for PDV, there are virus facilitators. Bees have been found to facilitate the transmission of PDV through infected PDV-infected pollen from infected trees to healthy trees, [14] Additionally, thrips have also been shown to help facilitate the transmission of PDV and PNRSV by the creation of mechanical wounds allowing for virus transmission. [15]

Properties, structure, and genome

PDV is a multicomponent virus. Virions of PDV are unenveloped and have varying symmetries from quasi-isometric to bacilliform. [16]

The PDV genome is divided into three segmented positive sense single-stranded (SS) RNA. RNA1 and RNA2 each has only a single ORF, encodes P1 protein and P2 protein, respectively. RNA3 possesses two ORFs which encodes movement protein (MP) and the viral coat protein (CP), respectively. [9] [17] Each of these RNA segments is individually packaged into viral capsids. [13] The P1 protein encoded by ORF1 is an enzymatic protein with two domains, a methyltransferase domain and C-proximal domain, and is involved in the viral RNA replication process [17] The P2 protein encoded by ORF2 is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) part of the replicase enzyme. [18] Most likely, the P1 and P2 proteins together form the RNA replication complex. [18]

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic study based on recombinant-free MP and CP sequences clustered global PDV isolates into three main groups. However, the phylogenetic trees based on P1 and P2 regions did not share the similar topology of MP and CP. Additional P1 and P2 sequences are still in need to fully understand PDV evolution. [19]

Management and control

Inspection of PDV and other quarantine viruses was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [20] Yet, due to low sensitivity and false positive reactions, other methods liked RT-PCR and PCR have been explored due to their higher detection sensitivity. [21] [22] Additionally, early detection of PDV in propagative material is important for control and sustainable agriculture.

Phytosanitary certification schemes are applied to fruit trees this allows for the production of planting material with known variety and health status and allows for controlling the propagation of virus-tested mother plants. [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Prunus cerasus</i> Species of tree

Prunus cerasus is a species of Prunus in the subgenus Cerasus (cherries), native to much of Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It is closely related to the sweet cherry, but has a fruit that is more acidic. Its sour pulp is edible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite (biology)</span> Subviral agent which depends on a helper virus for its replication

A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major classes: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant virus</span> Virus that affects plants

Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum pox</span> Viral plant disease

Plum pox, also known as sharka, is the most devastating viral disease of stone fruit from the genus Prunus. The disease is caused by the plum pox virus (PPV), and the different strains may infect a variety of stone fruit species including peaches, apricots, plums, nectarine, almonds, and sweet and tart cherries. Wild and ornamental species of Prunus may also become infected by some strains of the virus.

<i>Potyvirus</i> Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae

Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains 190 species and potyviruses account for about thirty percent of all currently known plant viruses.

<i>Potato leafroll virus</i> Species of virus

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus Polerovirus and family Solemoviridae. The phloem limited positive sense RNA virus infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. PLRV was first described by Quanjer et al. in 1916. PLRV is transmitted by aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. PLRV is one of the most important potato viruses worldwide but particularly devastating in countries with limited resources and management. It can be responsible for individual plant yield losses of over 50%. One estimate suggests that PLRV is responsible for an annual global yield loss of 20 million tons. Symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis and leaf curling.

<i>Papaya ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.

<i>Nepovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Nepovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae, in the subfamily Comovirinae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 40 species in this genus. Nepoviruses, unlike the other two genera in the subfamily Comovirinae, are transmitted by nematodes.

<i>Alfalfa mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), also known as Lucerne mosaic virus or Potato calico virus, is a worldwide distributed phytopathogen that can lead to necrosis and yellow mosaics on a large variety of plant species, including commercially important crops. It is the only Alfamovirus of the family Bromoviridae. In 1931 Weimer J.L. was the first to report AMV in alfalfa. Transmission of the virus occurs mainly by some aphids, by seeds or by pollen to the seed.

<i>Apple mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. It causes a severe yield reduction and decreased life-expectancy of fruit trees.

<i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

<i>Cymbidium mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae.

<i>Odontoglossum ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is a plant pathogenic virus that belongs to the family Virgaviridae. It is one of the most common viruses affecting cultivated orchids, perhaps second only to the Cymbidium mosaic virus. It causes spots on leaves and colored streaks on flowers. If a plant is also infected with the Cymbidium mosaic virus, it can lead to a condition called blossom brown necrotic streak.

<i>Prunus necrotic ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus causing ring spot diseases affecting species of the genus Prunus, as well as other species such as rose and hops. PNRSV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through plant propagation methods and infected seed. The virus is in the family Bromoviridae and genus Ilarvirus. Synonyms of PNRSV include European plum line pattern virus, hop B virus, hop C virus, plum line pattern virus, sour cherry necrotic ringspot virus, and peach ringspot virus.

<i>Tobacco ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the plant virus family Secoviridae. It is the type species of the genus Nepovirus. Nepoviruses are transmitted between plants by nematodes, thrips, mites, grasshoppers, and flea beetles. TRSV is also easily transmitted by sap inoculation and transmission in seeds has been reported. In recent cases it has also been shown to appear in bees, but no transmission to plants from bees has been noted.

<i>Tobacco streak virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae, in the genus Ilarvirus. It has a wide host range, with at least 200 susceptible species. TSV is generally more problematic in the tropics or warmer climates. TSV does not generally lead to epidemics, with the exception of sunflowers in India and Australia, and peanuts in India.

<i>Ilarvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Ilarvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Bromoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 22 species in this genus.

<i>Orthotospovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. TSWV remained the only known member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.

Idaeovirus is a genus of positive-sense ssRNA viruses that contains two species: Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) and Privet idaeovirus. RBDV has two host-dependent clades: one for raspberries; the other for grapevines. Infections are a significant agricultural burden, resulting in decreased yield and quality of crops. RBDV has a synergistic relation with Raspberry leaf mottle virus, with co-infection greatly amplifying the concentration of virions in infected plants. The virus is transmitted via pollination with RBDV-infected pollen grains that first infect the stigma before causing systemic infection.

<i>Carnation Italian ringspot virus</i> Plant virus impacting carnation plants

Carnation Italian Ringspot Virus (CIRV) is a plant virus that impacts carnation plants. These flowers are a popular choice in ornamental flower arrangements. This article will provide an overview of CIRV. This will include the history of the virus, information on transmission, symptoms, and characteristics, and research about how it relates to plant physiology.

References

  1. 1 2 Mink GI (September 1993). "Pollen and seed-transmitted viruses and viroids". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 31 (1): 375–402. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002111. PMID   18643763.
  2. ↑ Bujarski JJ (2021). "Bromoviruses (Bromoviridae)". Encyclopedia of Virology. Elsevier. pp. 260–267. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21563-x. ISBN   978-0-12-814516-6. PMC   7307136 .
  3. ↑ Cropley R, Gilmer RM, Posnette AF (April 1964). "Necrotic ring spot and prune dwarf viruses in Prunus and in herbaceous indicators". Annals of Applied Biology. 53 (2): 325–332. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1964.tb03806.x. ISSN   0003-4746.
  4. ↑ Davidson TR, George JA (November 1965). "Effects of Necrotic Ring Spot and Sour Cherry Yellows on the Growth and Yield of Young Sour Cherry Trees". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 45 (6): 525–535. doi: 10.4141/cjps65-103 . ISSN   0008-4220.
  5. ↑ Vašková D, Petrzik K, Špak J (2000). "Molecular variability of the capsid protein of the prune dwarf virus". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106 (6): 573–580. doi:10.1023/A:1008742513754. S2CID   22996367.
  6. ↑ Hadidi A, Barba M, Candresse T, Jelkmann W, eds. (January 2011). Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. The American Phytopathological Society. doi:10.1094/9780890545010. ISBN   978-0-89054-501-0.
  7. 1 2 Scott SW, Zimmerman MT, Yilmaz S, Zehr EI, Bachman E (May 2001). "The Interaction Between Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus and Prune Dwarf Virus in Peach Stunt Disease". Acta Horticulturae (550): 229–236. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.550.32. ISSN   0567-7572.
  8. 1 2 3 Barba M, Ilardi V, Pasquini G (January 2015). Loebenstein G, Katis NI (eds.). "Chapter Three - Control of pome and stone fruit virus diseases". Advances in Virus Research. Control of Plant Virus Diseases. Academic Press. 91: 47–83. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.001. PMID   25591877.
  9. 1 2 Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Scott SW (January 2013). Maramorosch K, Murphy FA (eds.). "The molecular biology of ilarviruses". Advances in Virus Research. Academic Press. 87: 139–181. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407698-3.00005-3. ISBN   9780124076983. PMID   23809923.
  10. ↑ Card SD, Pearson MN, Clover GR (September 2007). "Plant pathogens transmitted by pollen \". Australasian Plant Pathology. 36 (5): 455–461. doi:10.1071/AP07050. ISSN   1448-6032. S2CID   22474705.
  11. ↑ Amari K, Burgos L, Pallás V, Sánchez-Pina MA (July 2009). "Vertical transmission of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus: hitch-hiking from gametes to seedling". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 7): 1767–1774. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.009647-0 . PMID   19282434.
  12. ↑ Boari A, Boscia D, Di Terlizzi B, Savino V (January 1998). "Study on seed transmission of prune dwarf virus (PDV) in Prunus mahaleb L." Advances in Horticultural Science. 12 (2): 89–92. ISSN   0394-6169. JSTOR   42881927.
  13. 1 2 Lee S, Shin YG (June 2014). "Development and Practical Use of RT-PCR for Seed-transmitted Prune dwarf virus in Quarantine". The Plant Pathology Journal. 30 (2): 178–182. doi:10.5423/PPJ.NT.10.2013.0099. PMC   4174841 . PMID   25289000.
  14. ↑ Davidson TR, George JA (September 1964). "Spread of Necrotic Ring Spot and Sour Cherry Yellows Viruses in Niagara Peninsula Orchards". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 44 (5): 471–484. doi: 10.4141/cjps64-090 . ISSN   0008-4220.
  15. ↑ Greber RS, Klose MJ, Milne JR, Teakle DS (June 1991). "Transmission of prunus necrotic ringspot virus using plum pollen and thrips". Annals of Applied Biology. 118 (3): 589–593. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05348.x. ISSN   0003-4746.
  16. ↑ Umer M, Liu J, You H, Xu C, Dong K, Luo N, et al. (June 2019). "Genomic, Morphological and Biological Traits of the Viruses Infecting Major Fruit Trees". Viruses. 11 (6): 515. doi: 10.3390/v11060515 . PMC   6631394 . PMID   31167478.
  17. 1 2 Kozieł E, Bujarski JJ, Otulak K (December 2017). "Molecular Biology of Prune Dwarf Virus-A Lesser Known Member of the Bromoviridae but a Vital Component in the Dynamic Virus-Host Cell Interaction Network". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (12): 2733. doi: 10.3390/ijms18122733 . PMC   5751334 . PMID   29258199.
  18. 1 2 Dinant S, Janda M, Kroner PA, Ahlquist P (December 1993). "Bromovirus RNA replication and transcription require compatibility between the polymerase- and helicase-like viral RNA synthesis proteins". Journal of Virology. 67 (12): 7181–7189. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.12.7181-7189.1993. PMC   238180 . PMID   8230440.
  19. ↑ Santosa AI, Çelik A, Glasa M, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, Ertunç F (2023-08-01). "Molecular analysis of prune dwarf virus reveals divergence within non-Turkish and Turkish viral populations". Journal of Plant Pathology. 105 (3): 943–954. doi:10.1007/s42161-023-01412-2. ISSN   2239-7264. S2CID   261700020.
  20. ↑ Stein A, Loebenstein G, Koenig R (1979). Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Glodiolus by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (Report).
  21. ↑ Caruso P, Bertolini E, Cambra M, López MM (October 2003). "A new and sensitive Co-operational polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in water". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 55 (1): 257–272. doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00161-1. PMID   14500017.
  22. ↑ Stein A, Loebenstein G, Koenig R (1979). "Detection of cucumber mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus in gladiolus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)". Plant Disease Reporter. S2CID   87948974.
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