Pseudoliparis belyaevi

Last updated

Pseudoliparis belyaevi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Family: Liparidae
Genus: Pseudoliparis
Species:
P. belyaevi
Binomial name
Pseudoliparis belyaevi
(Andriashev & Pitruk, 1993) [1]

Pseudoliparis belyaevi is a species of snailfish found in hadal zone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, particularly the Japan Trench. [2]

Contents

Geographic range

Pseudoliparis belyaevi has been found in the NW Pacific Ocean in the Izu-Ogasawara and Japan Trench. [3] They were caught as deep as 7579m in the Japan Trench. [4] This possibly breaks the depth record for a fish collected from the seafloor, previously held by Pseudoliparis swirei at a depth of 7,966 m (26,135 ft). [5] The Liparidae family originated in the North Pacific then made its way to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, then along the Americas. [6] The water in these areas is either temperate or cold. [7]

Habitat

There are over 300 species of Snailfish. While many live in shallow waters (tidepools) and river estuaries, some have adapted to the cold water, as well as the high-pressure depths of the world's deepest trenches over 7,000m. [8] In general, the snailfish (notably genus Pseudoliparis) is the most common and dominant family in the hadal zone. [4]

Pseudoliparis belyaevi is a marine and deep-sea species which inhabits depths exceeding 6,000 meters that was described from a single specimen from 6380–7587 m in the Japan Trench. [9] They are extremely rare and are found to have greatest relative abundance at 7703m. [10] The family Liparidae can occupy depths of 6500-8000m in the Japan Trench, Mariana Trench, and Puerto Rico Trench. [11]

Physical description

Pseudoliparis belyaevi has a slender and elongated body structure, common among snailfish species, and typically displays a pinkish or purplish coloration. The species has a slender and elongated body with a tadpole-shape, typical of snailfish species. The body lacks scales and instead has smooth, gelatinous skin that aids in withstanding the immense pressure of the deep-sea environment. The gelatinous layer has a lower ion concentration than other body fluids to increase buoyancy. [12]   In the deep sea, where high hydrostatic pressures make it hard to inflate a swim bladder, having low-density tissues and fluids is an adaptive advantage that appears to be a cost-effective way to increase body size and change shape, providing advantages for swimming efficiency and buoyancy. [13] [14]

Pseudoliparis belyaevi has delicate, well-developed pectoral fins that help it move and stay stable in the deep sea. These fins are crucial for navigating high-pressure, low-light conditions and complex ocean floor terrain. Their pelvic fin is united as a sucking disc in most species with long dorsal and anal fins. This species reaches a length of 10.8 cm (4.3 inches). Their small size is an adaptation that allows them to navigate the narrow crevices and rocky terrain of the deep-sea environment. (Froese and Pauly, 2023) Also, they are found to possess multiple adaptations to survive deep-sea intense pressure, including the pressure-tolerant cartilage, loss of eyesight, and loss of color. [15] In the deep sea, where sunlight cannot penetrate beyond a few hundred meters, there is no need for pigmentation that provide coloration or camouflage as there is no visible light for predators or prey to see. Moreover, in the absence of sunlight, bioluminescence becomes a crucial form of communication, predation, and mating in the deep sea. Being translucent or having minimal pigmentation allows these organisms to better emit and perceive bioluminescent signals without interference from external pigmentation. [16]

Development

There is limited information about Pseudoliparis belyaevi; therefore, the development of this species is little known. In general, snailfish (family Liparidae) have a life cycle that involves both egg and larval stages. Female snailfish release eggs, and the males sometimes guard the eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae and eventually develop into juvenile fish. Over time, they grow into adult snailfish. The growth rate and maturation period of this family vary depending on species and environmental conditions. [17]

Reproduction

There is no specific information for the reproduction of Pseudoliparis belyaevi or the genus Pseudoliparis. However, among the family Liparidae, all species are found to lay eggs with relatively large size and the number of eggs varies due to the species. [18] The large egg size indicates continuous egg laying in hadal snailfish; some species spawn their eggs among cold-water coral, kelp, stones, or xenophyophores, and the males will guard the egg sometimes. [17] Liparids have ventral sucking disk that is used to attach to king crab and deposits its eggs inside the carapace of the gills. [19] Liparid larvae are found at about 1000 m depths and then return to hadal zone to continue growth. [20] In the dark environment of the deep sea, snailfish face challenges in finding and competing for mates. Consequently, they utilize hydrodynamic signals sensed by the mechanosensory lateral line for communication. [21]

Lifespan/Longevity

There is no specific information for the life span of Pseudoliparis belyaevi or the genus Pseudoliparis. However, after the eggs hatch, some species in the family Liparidae rapidly reach the adult size but only live for about one year, while others have life spans up to more than a decade. [22] There is evidence from investigating their morphology that the snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span. Many species inhabit hadal trenches, which are highly turbulent areas with frequent seismic activity and turbidity flows. As a result, they have significantly shorter lifespans compared to species in shallower regions. [23] Age span increases within the Liparidae family depending on species and age estimation is based on the weight and size of otoliths. [20]

Behavior

There’s not much information about Pseudoliparis belyaevi behavior but there is information about the genus Careproctus of the Liparid family. We can assume that behavior between the two species can be similar. They would swim “spirally” and discontinuously and even found at the floor bottom. [19]  Spiral swimming is also described as scratching which is a technique shallow liparids do to get rid of parasitic copepods. [17]

Food habits

Pseudoliparis belyaevi use suction feeding to consume tiny crustaceans, which are abundant in trenches. [4] In general, the family Liparidae larva feeds on plankton, copepods, and amphipods [24] Snailfish prey vary depends on their size, including gammarid, krill, natantian decapods, crustaceans, fish, and others [25] They have a fast predatory behavior with maximum swimming burst as fast as 17 cm/sec. [26] Moreover, while it is still being studied, snailfish in the northern hemisphere are suggested to show greater starvation tolerance, possibly due to their varying lipid levels (particularly triglycerol and cholesterol). This adaptation allows some species to endure longer periods without food. [27]

Predation

There is no specific information for the predation of Pseudoliparis belyaevi. However, while snailfish in the deep sea do face predation challenges, they have evolved various adaptations to enhance their survival in this extreme environment. Like many other deep-sea organisms, snailfish may uses camouflage to blend into the dark surroundings. Some species of snailfish have a translucent or lightly pigmented appearance, making them less visible to potential predators and prey. Also, some species in the family Liparidae was found using bioluminescence for predator avoidance or prey attraction. [28] [29]

Ecosystem roles

There is limited information available for Pseudoliparis belyaevi and its specific ecological contribution, but there are some potential roles within its ecosystem they may have such as biodiversity support and regulation of the population of small invertebrates.

Ecosystem importance

There is limited information available for Pseudoliparis belyaevi and its specific economic importance. However, due to their adaptation to extreme deep-sea environment, they may benefit from research studying deep-sea ecology, biodiversity, and adaptation to harsh conditions.

Conservation status

Pseudoliparis belyaevi and the family Liparidae in general is categorized as “Data Deficient” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, indicating insufficient information to determine their population status.

Related Research Articles

<i>Trieste</i> (bathyscaphe) Deep sea scientific submersible

Trieste is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe. In 1960, it became the first crewed vessel to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, the deepest point in Earth's seabed. The mission was the final goal for Project Nekton, a series of dives conducted by the United States Navy in the Pacific Ocean near Guam. The vessel was piloted by Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard and US Navy lieutenant Don Walsh. They reached a depth of about 10,916 metres (35,814 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snailfish</span> Family of fishes

The snailfishes or sea snails are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes.

The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches. The hadal zone ranges from around 6 to 11 km below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep sea</span> Lowest layer in the ocean

The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes. Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high pressure. The deep sea is considered the least explored Earth biome as the extreme conditions make the environment difficult to access and explore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kermadec Trench</span> Linear ocean trench in the South Pacific

The Kermadec Trench is a linear ocean trench in the south Pacific Ocean. It stretches about 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Louisville Seamount Chain in the north (26°S) to the Hikurangi Plateau in the south (37°S), north-east of New Zealand's North Island. Together with the Tonga Trench to the north, it forms the 2,000 km (1,200 mi)-long, near-linear Kermadec-Tonga subduction system, which began to evolve in the Eocene when the Pacific Plate started to subduct beneath the Australian Plate. Convergence rates along this subduction system are among the fastest on Earth, 80 mm (3.1 in)/yr in the north and 45 mm (1.8 in)/yr in the south.

Trimethylamine <i>N</i>-oxide Chemical compound

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3NO. It is in the class of amine oxides. Although the anhydrous compound is known, trimethylamine N-oxide is usually encountered as the dihydrate. Both the anhydrous and hydrated materials are white, water-soluble solids.

<i>Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis</i> Species of fish

Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis, or the hadal snailfish, is a species of snailfish from the hadal zone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, including the Kuril–Kamchatka and Japan Trenches.

<i>Abyssobrotula galatheae</i> Species of fish

Abyssobrotula galatheae is a species of cusk eel in the family Ophidiidae. It is the deepest-living fish known; one specimen, trawled from a depth of 8,370 m (27,460 ft) in the Puerto Rico Trench in 1970, holds the record for the deepest fish ever captured. Although generally recognized, some have suggested that the record-breaking individual might have been caught with a non-closing net and therefore perhaps caught shallower.

Notoliparis kermadecensis is a species of snailfish (Liparidae) that lives in the deep sea. Endemic to the Kermadec Trench in the Southwest Pacific, it is hadobenthic with a depth range between 6,474 and 7,561 m (21,240–24,806 ft), and can reach a standard length of up to 25.8 cm (10.2 in).

<i>Paraliparis</i> Genus of fishes

Paraliparis is a genus of fish in the family Liparidae, the snailfishes. It is found in benthic, benthopelagic and pelagic habitats in all the world's oceans.

<i>Careproctus</i> Genus of fishes

Careproctus is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean is unknown and might be an artifact of limited sampling. They range from shallow coastal seas in the far north of their range to the abyssal zone, at depths of 6 to 5,459 m (20–17,910 ft). In the Northern Hemisphere they mostly live shallower than Paraliparis, but this pattern is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere. Although almost entirely restricted to very cold waters, a single species, C. hyaleius, lives at hydrothermal vents.

<i>Liparis fabricii</i> Species of fish

Liparis fabricii, commonly known as the gelatinous seasnail or gelatinous snailfish, is a benthopelagic species of snailfish from the Arctic Ocean. It has a tadpole-like body with a maximum length of about 20 cm (7.9 in). It is brown to black in coloration with a distinctive dark peritoneum. It preys on small crustaceans and marine worms. It is not commercially important, though it is a valuable food source for predatory fish and seabirds in the Arctic region.

<i>Liparis</i> (fish) Genus of fishes

Liparis is a large genus of snailfish from the northern hemisphere. They are very common in temperate and cold waters. Chernova (2008) has proposed that the genus should be subdivided into five subgenera: Liparis, Neoliparis, Lycocara, Careliparis, and Lyoliparis.

<i>Pseudoliparis</i> (fish) Genus of fishes

Pseudoliparis is a genus of snailfishes native to very deep water in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

Ilyophis robinsae is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae. It was described by Yuri Nikolaevich Shcherbachev and Kenneth J. Sulak in 1997. It is a marine, deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the Philippines, in the Indo-West Pacific. It is known to dwell at depths of 4,800 metres (15,700 ft) to 5,180 metres (16,990 ft). Males can reach a maximum total length of 34.8 centimetres (13.7 in).

<i>Pseudoliparis swirei</i> Species of snailfish found at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench

Pseudoliparis swirei, the Mariana snailfish or Mariana hadal snailfish, is a species of snailfish found at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It is known from a depth range of 6,198–8,076 m (20,335–26,496 ft), including a capture at 7,966 m (26,135 ft), which is possibly the record for a fish caught on the seafloor. Various anatomical, physiological, molecular and genetic adaptions help this species survive in such depths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan Jamieson</span> British marine biologist, engineer, explorer and author

Alan John Jamieson is a Scottish marine biologist, engineer, explorer and author, best known for his deep-sea exploration and study of life at the deepest places in the oceans. He is known for extensive use of deep-sea landers to establish the maximum depth and community dynamics of many organismal groups, as well as the discovery of many new species and highlighting the presence of anthropogenic impacts at full ocean depth. During the Five Deeps Expedition, and follow on expeditions in 2020, he completed various dives in a manned submersible to some of the deepest places in the world. He has published over 100 scientific papers and participated in 65 deep-sea expeditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Hebrides Trench</span> Oceanic trench in the southern Pacific Ocean

The New Hebrides Trench is an oceanic trench which is over 7.1 km (4.4 mi) deep in the Southern Pacific Ocean. It lies to the northeast of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, to the southwest of Vanuatu, east of Australia, and south of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The trench was formed as a result of a subduction zone. The Australian Plate is being subducted under the New Hebrides Plate causing volcanism which produced the Vanuatu archipelago.

<i>Coryphaenoides yaquinae</i> Species of fish

The rough abyssal grenadier is a species of deep-sea grenadier fish in the family Macrouridae. First described as a separate species in 1974, the rough abyssal grenadier was historically confused with its congener, Coryphaenoides armatus. Unlike C. armatus, which has been recorded in the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern oceans, observations of C. yaquinae have been confined exclusively to the Pacific ocean. C. yaquinae tends to inhabit abyssopelagic depths between 3,400 and 5,800 meters. However, observations of C. yaquinae have been made as deep as 7,000 meters (23,000 ft) below sea level.

<i>Paraliparis selti</i> Species of deep water snailfish

Paraliparis selti, the blue Atacama snailfish, is a species of deep water snailfish that is native to the south-east Pacific Ocean hadal zone 6,714 meters under water in the Atacama Trench. P. selti is 83 millimeters in length total and 75.9 millimeters in standard length. its one of the 200 species of snailfish discovered in the southern hemisphere.

References

  1. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Pseudoliparis belyaevi" in FishBase. February 2023 version.
  2. ↑ Linley, T.D.; M.E. Gerringer; P.H. Yancey; J.C. Drazen; C.L. Weinstock; A.J. Jamieson (2016). "Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 114: 99–110. Bibcode:2016DSRI..114...99L. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003 .
  3. ↑ Jamieson, Alan J.; Maroni, Paige J.; Bond, Todd; Niyazi, Yakufu; Kolbusz, Jessica; Arasu, Prema; Kitazato, Hiroshi (2023-09-01). "New maximum depth record for bony fish: Teleostei, Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae (8336 m, Izu-Ogasawara Trench)". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 199: 104132. Bibcode:2023DSRI..19904132J. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2023.104132 . ISSN   0967-0637.
  4. 1 2 3 Linley, Thomas D.; Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Yancey, Paul H.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Weinstock, Chloe L.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2016-08-01). "Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 114: 99–110. Bibcode:2016DSRI..114...99L. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003 . ISSN   0967-0637.
  5. ↑ "Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench". www.biotaxa.org. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  6. ↑ Knudsen, S. W.; Møller, P. R.; Gravlund, P. (2007-08-01). "Phylogeny of the snailfishes (Teleostei: Liparidae) based on molecular and morphological data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 649–666. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.005. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   17544302.
  7. ↑ Chernova, Natalia; Stein, David; Andriashev, Anatole (February 2004). "Family Liparidae Scopoli 1777" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences – Annotated Checklists of Fishes (31): 1–72.
  8. ↑ Nelson, Joseph; Grande, Terry; Wilson, Mark (2016). Fish of the World. John Wiley & Sons.
  9. ↑ Andriyashev, A.P; Pitruk, D.L (1993). "Review of the ultra-abyssal (hadal) genus Pseudoliparis (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae) with a description of a new species from the Japan Trench". Journal of Ichthyology. 33 (9).
  10. ↑ https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/7/506/234140 . Retrieved 2023-11-29.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Stewart, Heather A.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2018-02-01). "Habitat heterogeneity of hadal trenches: Considerations and implications for future studies". Progress in Oceanography. 161: 47–65. Bibcode:2018PrOce.161...47S. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.01.007 . hdl: 1893/27792 . ISSN   0079-6611.
  12. ↑ Denton, E. J.; Marshall, N. B. (October 1958). "The buoyancy of bathypelagic fishes without a gas-filled swimbladder". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 37 (3): 753–767. Bibcode:1958JMBUK..37..753D. doi:10.1017/S0025315400005750. ISSN   0025-3154. S2CID   55380755.
  13. ↑ Scholander, P. F. (October 1954). "Secretion of Gases Against High Pressures in the Swimbladder of Deep Sea Fishes II. The Rete Mirabile". The Biological Bulletin. 107 (2): 260–277. doi:10.2307/1538612. ISSN   0006-3185. JSTOR   1538612.
  14. ↑ Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Linley, Thomas D.; Summers, Adam P.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Yancey, Paul H. (December 2017). "Distribution, composition and functions of gelatinous tissues in deep-sea fishes". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (12): 171063. doi:10.1098/rsos.171063. ISSN   2054-5703. PMC   5750012 . PMID   29308245.
  15. ↑ Wang, Kun; Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Yongzhi; Gan, Xiaoni; Liu, Guichun; Hu, Kuang; Li, Yongxin; Gao, Zhaoming; Zhu, Li; Yan, Guoyong; He, Lisheng; Shan, Xiujuan; Yang, Liandong; Lu, Suxiang; Zeng, Honghui (May 2019). "Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (5): 823–833. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..823W. doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-0864-8 . ISSN   2397-334X. PMID   30988486.
  16. ↑ Haddock, Steven H.D.; Moline, Mark A.; Case, James F. (2010-01-01). "Bioluminescence in the Sea". Annual Review of Marine Science. 2 (1): 443–493. Bibcode:2010ARMS....2..443H. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028. ISSN   1941-1405. PMID   21141672.
  17. 1 2 3 Stein, David L. (December 2016). "Description of a New Hadal Notoliparis from the Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Redescription of Notoliparis kermadecensis (Nielsen) (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes)". Copeia. 104 (4): 907–920. doi:10.1643/CI-16-451. ISSN   0045-8511. S2CID   90397099.
  18. ↑ Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Linley, Thomas D.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Goetze, Erica; Drazen, Jeffrey C. (2017-11-28). "Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench". Zootaxa. 4358 (1): 161–177. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7 . ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   29245485.
  19. 1 2 academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/7/506/234140 . Retrieved 2023-11-29.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. 1 2 Gerringer, M. E.; Andrews, A. H.; Huss, G. R.; Nagashima, K.; Popp, B. N.; Linley, T. D.; Gallo, N. D.; Clark, M. R.; Jamieson, A. J.; Drazen, J. C. (2018-02-01). "Life history of abyssal and hadal fishes from otolith growth zones and oxygen isotopic compositions". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 132: 37–50. Bibcode:2018DSRI..132...37G. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2017.12.002 . ISSN   0967-0637.
  21. ↑ Mori, Toshiaki; Fukuda, Kazuya; Ohtsuka, Syouko; Yamauchi, Shinya; Yoshinaga, Tatsuki (2022-02-28). "Reproductive behavior and alternative reproductive strategy in the deep-sea snailfish, Careproctus pellucidus". Marine Biology. 169 (3): 42. Bibcode:2022MarBi.169...42M. doi:10.1007/s00227-022-04028-9. ISSN   1432-1793. S2CID   247174198.
  22. ↑ Orlov, A. M.; Tokranov, A. M. (2011-05-10). "Some Rare and Insufficiently Studied Snailfish (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes, Pisces) in the Pacific Waters off the Northern Kuril Islands and Southeastern Kamchatka, Russia". ISRN Zoology. 2011: 1–12. doi: 10.5402/2011/341640 . ISSN   2090-522X.
  23. ↑ Gerringer, M E (2019-01-01). "On the Success of the Hadal Snailfishes". Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1): obz004. doi:10.1093/iob/obz004. ISSN   2517-4843. PMC   7671157 . PMID   33791521.
  24. ↑ Walkusz, Wojciech; Paulic, Joclyn E.; Wong, Sally; Kwasniewski, Slawomir; Papst, Michael H.; Reist, James D. (April 2016). "Spatial distribution and diet of larval snailfishes (Liparis fabricii, Liparis gibbus, Liparis tunicatus) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea". Oceanologia. 58 (2): 117–123. Bibcode:2016Ocga...58..117W. doi: 10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.001 .
  25. ↑ Tomiyama, Takeshi; Yamada, Manabu; Yoshida, Tetsuya (November 2013). "Seasonal migration of the snailfish Liparis tanakae and their habitat overlap with 0-year-old Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 93 (7): 1981–1987. Bibcode:2013JMBUK..93.1981T. doi:10.1017/S0025315413000544. ISSN   0025-3154. S2CID   86766467.
  26. ↑ Jamieson, A.J; Fujii, T; Solan, M; Matsumoto, A.K; Bagley, P.M; Priede, I.G (2009-03-22). "Liparid and macrourid fishes of the hadal zone: in situ observations of activity and feeding behaviour". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1659): 1037–1045. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1670. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   2679086 . PMID   19129104.
  27. ↑ Pedersen, L (1999-09-01). "The significance of food web structure for the condition and tracer lipid content of juvenile snail fish (Pisces: Liparis spp.) along 65-72degN off West Greenland". Journal of Plankton Research. 21 (9): 1593–1611. doi: 10.1093/plankt/21.9.1593 .
  28. ↑ Gruber, David F.; Gaffney, Jean P.; Mehr, Shaadi; DeSalle, Rob; Sparks, John S.; Platisa, Jelena; Pieribone, Vincent A. (2015-11-11). "Adaptive Evolution of Eel Fluorescent Proteins from Fatty Acid Binding Proteins Produces Bright Fluorescence in the Marine Environment". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0140972. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040972G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140972 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4641735 . PMID   26561348.
  29. ↑ Gruber, David F.; Phillips, Brennan T.; O’Brien, Rory; Boominathan, Vivek; Veeraraghavan, Ashok; Vasan, Ganesh; O’Brien, Peter; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Sparks, John S. (2019-08-14). "Bioluminescent flashes drive nighttime schooling behavior and synchronized swimming dynamics in flashlight fish". PLOS ONE. 14 (8): e0219852. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419852G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219852 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6693688 . PMID   31412054.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.