| Pseudorhizoclonium | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| (unranked): | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Ulvophyceae |
| Order: | Cladophorales |
| Family: | Cladophoraceae |
| Genus: | Pseudorhizoclonium Boedeker, 2016 |
Pseudorhizoclonium is a genus of algae in the Cladophoraceae family. [1]
According to AlgaeBase, in 2021 there were ten taxonomically accepted species under this genus based on listed literature. [2]
Boedeker et al. in their 2016 manuscript recognized the green algal genus Pseudorhizoclonium as a separate clade from Rhizoclonium sensu stricto based on molecular data. This resulted to the transfer of R. africanum and R. rhizophilumW.R.Taylor to the genus Pseudorhizoclonium. [3] According to Sherwood et al., Pseudorhizoclonium may appear as bunches or mats of relatively straight or curled filaments, forming intertwined strands and woolly masses in the upper intertidal. [4] Boedeker et al. (2016) observed the morphological features of Pseudorhizoclonium of larger cell dimensions and shorter cells than Rhizoclonium, the presence of a basal cell and small holdfast, the variable presence or absence of intercalary/lateral rhizoids, the presence of sharp-angled bends in filaments (termed ‘knees’), very thick cell walls in field-collected material, and more nuclei per cell than Rhizoclonium. [3] Sherwood et al. affirmed in their paper that the only definitive character that distinguishes Pseudorhizoclonium from Rhizoclonium is the larger number of nuclei per cell. Their findings also revealed that there was a substantial overlap in the morphological characteristics of the species belonging to Pseudorhizoclonium where a certain character may be distinct for some species and absent in some. [4]
Based on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, there are 213 georeferenced records for the genus. [1] According to Sherwood et al. (2019), literatures reported either as Pseudorhizoclonium or Rhizoclonium lineage coming from tropical and subtropical areas like South America, Central America, East African coast, Southern Asia and the Pacific and Australia and New Zealand. These include French Polynesia, Brazil, Japan, Australia, United States of America, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Guyana, Bermuda, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Costa Rica, Micronesia, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Indonesia, and Ecuador. [4]
The environment where this genus thrives ranges from marine, brackish, freshwater streams to terrestrial areas. The identified habitats based on Boedeker et al. in 2016 were mangroves, lagoons and high intertidal areas. This leads to the assumption that this genus can survive and adapt to areas of changing salinity, brackish habitats and desiccation-tolerant. [3] According to Sherwood et al., this genus represents an independent case of transition from marine into freshwater and terrestrial environments in the Cladophorales. The unusual high tolerance for fluctuating environmental conditions can be a factor to the remarkable number of habitat transitions observed within the genus. [4]
Dias et al., in their study analyzed the methanolic extract of 8 seaweeds species including Pseudorhizoclonium africanum. The phytochemical analysis yields P. africanum for the presence of Flavanones and condensed tannins. Its chemical analysis indicated the presence of 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, 12-Methyl-E,E-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, 17-Octadecynoic acid, 1-Heptatriacotanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl- 2-Pentadecanone, 7,10-He1adecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, 9-Nonadecene, Cholesterol, methyl ester, (all Z)-Eicosatetraenoic acid, Heptadecane, He1adecanoic acid, methyl ester, Neophytadiene, n-He1adecanoic acid, Oleic Acid, Phytol, Phytol acetate, Stigmastan-3,5-diene, Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester, Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, Tetradecanoic acid, Z-(13,14-Epo1y)tetradec-11-en-1-ol acetate, Z-5-Nonadecene, Z-8-Methyl-9-tetradecenoic acid. [5]
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group of that acid is replaced by an organyl group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well. According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well, but not according to the IUPAC.
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells.
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data. The sea lettuce, Ulva, belongs here. Other well-known members include Caulerpa, Codium, Acetabularia, Cladophora, Trentepohlia and Monostroma.
The green algae are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as a sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 22,000 species of green algae, many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
Marimo is a rare growth form of Aegagropila linnaei in which the algae grow into large green balls with a velvety appearance.
Photosynthetic picoplankton or picophytoplankton is the fraction of the photosynthetic phytoplankton of cell sizes between 0.2 and 2 μm. It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients.
The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 230 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.
Chlorophyllase is an essential enzyme in chlorophyll metabolism. It is a membrane proteins commonly known as chlase (EC 3.1.1.14, CLH) with systematic name chlorophyll chlorophyllidohydrolase. It catalyzes the reaction
Bryopsis is a genus of marine green algae in the family Bryopsidaceae. It is frequently a pest in aquariums, where it is commonly referred to as hair algae.
Chaetomorpha is a genus of green algae in the family Cladophoraceae. Members of this genus may be referred to by the common name sea emerald.
Choricystis is a genus of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae, considered a characteristic picophytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. Choricystis, especially the type species Choricystis minor, has been proposed as an effective source of fatty acids for biofuels. Choricystis algacultures have been shown to survive on wastewater. In particular, Choricystis has been proposed as a biological water treatment system for industrial waste produced by the processing of dairy goods.
Dictyosphaeria is a genus of green algae in the family Siphonocladaceae.
Struvea is a genus of green macroalgae in the family Boodleaceae.
The genus Umbraulva, which is a green alga within the Ulvaceae family, was proposed by Bae and Lee in 2001. Three additional species, including U. kuaweuweu, which was subsequently transferred to another genus, have been added to the genus since it originally had the three species that were initially examined to form the genus. Umbraulva species grow upon hard substrates, and inhabit deep subtidal areas. Species within this genus are widely distributed, and have been identified in Asia, Europe, Hawaii, and New Zealand. The morphological traits of Umbraulva vary among species, but commonly, Umbraulva are macroscopic with olive green blades containing the photosynthetic pigment siphonaxanthin. The blades are flattened and ellipsoid in shape, or are narrow and oval shaped, with perforations and/or lobes present throughout the blade. As Umbraulva often appear very similar in morphology to closely related groups, the main manner in which Umbraulva was differentiated from related groups was through the divergence of ITS and partial SSU rDNA sequences from those of other Ulva species. Umbraulva is closely related to Ulva, which due to wide distributions, high carbohydrate levels, and a lack of lignin, is a good candidate for use in biofuel, bioremediation, carbon sequestration, and animal feed production.
Valonia is a genus of green algae in the Valoniaceae family. The genus Ventricaria is now regarded as a synonym of Valonia.
Red algae, or Rhodophyta, make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. The majority of species (6,793) are Florideophyceae, and mostly consist of multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Red algae are abundant in marine habitats. Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations in warmer areas. Except for two coastal cave dwelling species in the asexual class Cyanidiophyceae, no terrestrial species exist, which may be due to an evolutionary bottleneck in which the last common ancestor lost about 25% of its core genes and much of its evolutionary plasticity.
Hildenbrandia is a genus of thalloid red alga comprising about 26 species. The slow-growing, non-mineralized thalli take a crustose form. Hildenbrandia reproduces by means of conceptacles and produces tetraspores.
Batrachospermaceae is a family of fresh water red algae (Rhodophyta). Genera within the Batrachospermaceae generally have a "Lemanea-type" life history with carpospores germinating to produce chantransia. Sporophyte phase with meiosis occurs in an apical cell to produce the gametophyte stage. Pit connections have two pit plug cap layers with the other layer enlarged. This family of freshwater red algae is uniaxial, meaning each filament with a single apical cell. The genera included within Batrachospermaceae are listed in the table below.
The Chlorophytina are a proposed basal Tetraphytina clade. It is currently seen as sister of the Pedinomonadaceae. It contains the more well-known green alga and is characterized by the presence of phycoplasts.
Galdieria is a genus of red algae belonging to the order Galdieriales; family Galdieriaceae. It was created by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification from the species of Cyanidium.