# Pseudosphere

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In geometry, a pseudosphere is a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature.

## Contents

A pseudosphere of radius R is a surface in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}$ having curvature 1/R2 in each point. Its name comes from the analogy with the sphere of radius R, which is a surface of curvature 1/R2. The term was introduced by Eugenio Beltrami in his 1868 paper on models of hyperbolic geometry. [1]

## Tractricoid

The same surface can be also described as the result of revolving a tractrix about its asymptote. For this reason the pseudosphere is also called tractricoid. As an example, the (half) pseudosphere (with radius 1) is the surface of revolution of the tractrix parametrized by [2]

${\displaystyle t\mapsto \left(t-\tanh {t},\operatorname {sech} \,{t}\right),\quad \quad 0\leq t<\infty .}$

It is a singular space (the equator is a singularity), but away from the singularities, it has constant negative Gaussian curvature and therefore is locally isometric to a hyperbolic plane.

The name "pseudosphere" comes about because it has a two-dimensional surface of constant negative Gaussian curvature, just as a sphere has a surface with constant positive Gaussian curvature. Just as the sphere has at every point a positively curved geometry of a dome the whole pseudosphere has at every point the negatively curved geometry of a saddle.

As early as 1693 Christiaan Huygens found that the volume and the surface area of the pseudosphere are finite, [3] despite the infinite extent of the shape along the axis of rotation. For a given edge radius R, the area is R2 just as it is for the sphere, while the volume is 2/3πR3 and therefore half that of a sphere of that radius. [4] [5]

## Universal covering space

The half pseudosphere of curvature −1 is covered by the portion of the hyperbolic upper half-plane with y ≥ 1. [6] The covering map is periodic in the x direction of period 2π, and takes the horocycles y = c to the meridians of the pseudosphere and the vertical geodesics x = c to the tractrices that generate the pseudosphere. This mapping is a local isometry, and thus exhibits the portion y ≥ 1 of the upper half-plane as the universal covering space of the pseudosphere. The precise mapping is

${\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto {\big (}v(\operatorname {arcosh} y)\cos x,v(\operatorname {arcosh} y)\sin x,u(\operatorname {arcosh} y){\big )}}$

where

${\displaystyle t\mapsto {\big (}u(t)=t-\operatorname {tanh} t,v(t)=\operatorname {sech} t{\big )}}$

is the parametrization of the tractrix above.

## Hyperboloid

In some sources that use the hyperboloid model of the hyperbolic plane, the hyperboloid is referred to as a pseudosphere. [7] This usage of the word is because the hyperboloid can be thought of as a sphere of imaginary radius, embedded in a Minkowski space.

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## References

1. Beltrami, Eugenio (1868). "Saggio sulla interpretazione della geometria non euclidea" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Gior. Mat. (in Italian). 6: 248–312.
(Also Beltrami, Eugenio. Opere Matematiche[Mathematical Works] (in Italian). 1. pp. 374–405. ISBN   1-4181-8434-9.;
Beltrami, Eugenio (1869). "Essai d'interprétation de la géométrie noneuclidéenne" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Annales de l'École Normale Supérieure (in French). 6: 251–288. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2010-07-24.)
2. Bonahon, Francis (2009). Low-dimensional geometry: from Euclidean surfaces to hyperbolic knots. AMS Bookstore. p. 108. ISBN   0-8218-4816-X.
3. Stillwell, John (2010). Mathematics and Its History (revised, 3rd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 345. ISBN   978-1-4419-6052-8.
4. Le Lionnais, F. (2004). Great Currents of Mathematical Thought, Vol. II: Mathematics in the Arts and Sciences (2 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 154. ISBN   0-486-49579-5.
5. Thurston, William, Three-dimensional geometry and topology, 1, Princeton University Press, p. 62.
6. Hasanov, Elman (2004), "A new theory of complex rays", IMA J. Appl. Math., 69: 521–537, doi:10.1093/imamat/69.6.521, ISSN   1464-3634, archived from the original on 2013-04-15