Antarctic krill is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. It is a small, swimming crustacean that lives in large schools, called swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic metre. It feeds directly on minute phytoplankton, thereby using the primary production energy that the phytoplankton originally derived from the sun in order to sustain their pelagic life cycle. It grows to a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in), weighs up to 2 grams (0.071 oz), and can live for up to six years. It is a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and in terms of biomass, is one of the most abundant animal species on the planet – approximately 500 million metric tons.
Krill are small and exclusively marine crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, found in all the world's oceans. The name "krill" comes from the Norwegian word krill, meaning "small fry of fish", which is also often attributed to species of fish.
The krill fishery is the commercial fishery of krill, small shrimp-like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide. The present estimate for the biomass of Antarctic krill is 379 million tonnes. The total global harvest of krill from all fisheries amounts to 150–200,000 tonnes annually, mainly Antarctic krill and North Pacific krill.
Euphausia crystallorophias is a species of krill, sometimes called ice krill, crystal krill, or Antarctic coastal krill. It lives in the coastal waters around Antarctica, further south than any other species of krill. The specimens for the species' original description were collected through holes cut in the ice by Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, several thousand having been donated by Thomas Vere Hodgson.
Pseudoalteromonas prydzensis is a marine bacterium isolated from Antarctic sea ice.
Shewanella livingstonensis is a species of bacteria. Its cells are psychrophilic, gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Its type strain is LMG 19866T.
Psychrobacter cryohalolentis is a Gram-negative, nonmotile species of bacteria. It was first isolated from Siberian permafrost. Its type strain is K5T.
Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria. The shape is typically cocci or coccobacilli. Some of those bacteria were isolated from humans and can cause humans infections such as endocarditis and peritonitis. This genus of bacteria is able to grow at temperatures between −10 and 42 °C. Rudi Rossau found through DNA-rRNA hybridization analysis that Psychrobacter belongs to the Moraxellaceae. The first species was described by Juni and Heym. Psychrobacter occur in wide range of moist, cold saline habitats, but they also occur in warm and slightly saline habitats.
Psychrobacter aquaticus is a Gram-negative, psychrophilic, halotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from the McMurdo Dry Valley region of Antarctica.
Psychrobacter fozii is a psychrophilic, oxidase-positive, halotolerant, Gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus with a strictly oxidative metabolism, first isolated from Antarctic environments. Its type strain is NF23T.
Psychrobacter frigidicola is a psychrophilic, oxidase-positive, halotolerant, Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from the Antarctic.
Psychrobacter glacincola is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, halotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the anchor ice of Amery Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It is strictly oxidative and coccus-shaped; its type strain is ACAM 483T.
Psychrobacter immobilis is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, psychrotrophic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from cheese, fish, and processed meat and poultry products.
Psychrobacter luti is a species of bacterium first isolated from Antarctic environments. It is a psychrophilic, oxidase-positive, halotolerant, Gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus with a strictly oxidative metabolism. Its type strain is NF11T.
Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from human blood in Belgium. Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus can cause humans infections such as endocarditis, peritonitis, and fungating lesion of the foot, but those infections caused by this bacterium are rare.
Psychrobacter piscatorii is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, psychrotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from a fish-processing plant. The temperature where Psychrobacter piscatorii was isolated was about 8 °C.
Psychrobacter pulmonis is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the lungs of lambs in Zaragoza in Spain. It is coccus-shaped; the type strain is S-606T.
Psychrobacter salsus is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the fast ice in the middle of Geologie Archipelago in Adelie Land in Antarctica.
Psychrobacter vallis is a Gram-negative, psychrophilic, halotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from cyanobacterial mat samples from the McMurdo Dry Valley region of Antarctica.
Arthrobacter alpinus is a psychrotrophic, Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium species from the genus Arthrobacter which has been isolated from alpine soil from the Grossglockner area from the mountain range Hohe Tauern, in Austria.
