Purity ring

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A purity ring made from sterling silver. Purity-Rings.jpg
A purity ring made from sterling silver.

Purity rings (also known as promise rings, abstinence rings, or chastity rings) are rings worn as a sign of chastity. [1] Since the 1990s, Christian organizations in the United States used the purity ring as a symbol of commitment. In particular, Catholic and evangelical Christian groups which promoted virginity pledges and virginity before marriage, such as True Love Waits and Silver Ring Thing. [1] [2] [3] [4] Wearing a purity ring is typically accompanied by a religious vow to practice abstinence until marriage. [5] Chastity rings are part of the abstinence-only sex education movement and are intended to act as a physical reminder of the wearer's chastity vow. [4]

Contents

Organizations

Silver Ring Thing

Unaltered, known until 2019 as Silver Ring Thing (SRT), is an American virginity pledge program founded in 1995 by Denny Pattyn. The program encourages teens and young adults to remain sexually abstinent until marriage. For a few years, it was partially funded by the U.S. federal government. [6] Drawing on Christian theology, [7] SRT uses rock/hip hop concert-style events in an attempt to appeal to 21st-century teenagers. During the gathering, participants commit to a vow of sexual abstinence until marriage by purchasing rings. The organization's theme verse is 1 Thessalonians 4:3–4.

In 2004, SRT began expanding operations into the United Kingdom, with mixed results. While some teenagers in the UK embraced the message of abstinence, some critics rejected and ridiculed SRT, saying it was anti-sex or unrealistic, and that it seemed unlikely that abstinence programs would attract widespread support in the UK because of the UK's differing attitude toward sexuality and sex education. The group's Assistant National Director for the UK, Denise Pfeiffer, said there was a real need for such a movement in the UK to curb what she sees as the ever-increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, both of which she claims are the highest in Western Europe. [8] [9]

In 2005, the ACLU of Massachusetts sued the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services because it believed SRT used tax dollars to promote Christianity. [10] SRT presented a two-part programme: the first part about abstinence, the second about Christianity's role in abstinence. The ACLU claimed federal funding given to this program violated the separation of church and state. On August 22, 2005, the Department suspended SRT's US$75,000 federal grant until it submitted a "corrective action plan". [11] In 2006, a corrective action plan was accepted by the department. The lawsuit was dismissed, and SRT received federal funding.

In the 2007 case R (Playfoot) v Millais School Governing Body , 16-year-old Lydia Playfoot from the United Kingdom alleged that her school had violated her rights by forbidding her from wearing a purity ring. [12] The case was funded by the group Christian Concern. [12] On July 16, 2007, the High Court ruled that Playfoot's human rights were not violated. [12] Her father, Phil Playfoot, was the British pastor for Silver Ring Thing at the time, [13] and was ordered to pay £12,000 towards the school's costs. [12]

In 2019, Silver Ring Thing changed its name to Unaltered. [14]

True Love Waits

True Love Waits (TLW) is an international Christian group that promotes sexual abstinence outside of marriage for teenagers and college students. TLW was created in April 1993 by the Southern Baptists, and is sponsored by LifeWay Christian Resources. [15] It is based on conservative Christian views of human sexuality.

Pledge

The True Love Waits pledge states: "Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate and my future children to be sexually abstinent from this day until the day I enter a biblical marriage relationship." In addition, they promote sexual purity, which encompasses not only abstaining from intercourse before marriage, but also abstaining from "sexual thoughts, sexual touching, pornography, and actions that are known to lead to sexual arousal."

By the late 1990s, Christian music groups were promoting the program, and events similar to youth rallies were held at Christian music concerts, providing an opportunity for adolescents to sign pledge cards. [16]

Effect

In the first year of the campaign, over 102,000 young people signed the pledge, which was also taken up by other church groups including the Roman Catholic Church and Assemblies of God. The campaign spread across the US, making the use of occasions such as Valentine's Day to gain attention. [17]

By 2004, groups supporting abstinence numbered in the hundreds. During the preceding decade, approximately 2.5 million American youth took the pledge of abstinence. [18]

Supporters

Various individuals advocate for purity rings, or have previously advocated for them. [19]

Criticism

Some studies of the efficacy of virginity pledges have found they may be effective in delaying vaginal intercourse but ineffective in reducing the rate of sexually transmitted infection. They also reduce the likelihood of contraceptive use. [22] Additionally, it has been reported that pledgers replace vaginal intercourse with other sexual activities, such as oral or anal sex, thinking they "don't count". [22] [23] At least one study has found no difference in the sexual behavior of pledgers and non-pledgers after controlling for pre-existing differences between the groups. [24]

David Bario of the Columbia News Service wrote:

Under the Bush administration, organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants. The Silver Ring Thing, a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church, has received more than $1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad. [25]

According to a study conducted by Peter Bearman and Hannah Brückner published in 2005 in the Journal of Adolescent Health, 21% of young adults who had taken the pledge had vaginal intercourse, 13% reported having practiced oral sex and 4% anal sex. [26] In the 2011 book Making Chastity Sexy: The Rhetoric of Evangelical Abstinence Campaigns , Christine Gardner criticizes True Love Waits [27] for "using sex to sell abstinence" by promising more satisfying sexual activity within marriage for those who abstain from premarital sex; she argues that this rhetoric reinforces selfish desires for gratification, sets people up for divorce and dissatisfaction with marriage, and simply adapts "secular forms for religious ends". [28] In 2014, Jimmy Hester, one of the main founders of the program, said that although some studies have shown that many young Christians have broken their commitments, it has served as a benchmark for some who have returned to the faith. [29]

The Jonas Brothers made an abstinence pledge through True Love Waits as teens. [30] The band and pledge are satirized in the 2009 South Park episode "The Ring". [31] In 2013, Morgan Lee, a journalist of The Christian Post , conducted an interview with Joe Jonas and wrote: [30]

In an exceptionally raw and frank interview, Jonas also mentioned that although he had made a good-faith, preteen, commitment with Christian abstinence organization True Love Waits to keep his virginity until marriage and donned a "purity ring" as an 11-year-old, he was overwhelmed when this became the focus of media attention when the band started to blow up. [30]

In 2019, the Lutheran minister Nadia Bolz-Weber called for people to send her their unwanted purity rings so that she could cast them into a sculpture of a vagina. [32] Apologetic minister Alisa Childers criticized Bolz-Weber for her project, but acknowledged that purity ring campaigns needed to improve. [33]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chastity</span> Ethic concept of temperance related to sexuality

Chastity, also known as purity, is a virtue related to temperance. Someone who is chaste refrains either from sexual activity that is considered immoral or from any sexual activity, according to their state of life. In some contexts, for example when making a vow of chastity, chastity means celibacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual intercourse</span> Penetrative sexual activity for reproduction or sexual pleasure

Sexual intercourse is a sexual activity typically involving the insertion and thrusting of the male penis inside the female vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both. This is also known as vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex. Sexual penetration has been known by humans since the dawn of time, and has been an instinctive form of sexual behaviour and psychology among humans. Other forms of penetrative sexual intercourse include anal sex, oral sex, fingering and penetration by use of a dildo, and vibrators. These activities involve physical intimacy between two or more people and are usually used among humans solely for physical or emotional pleasure. They can contribute to human bonding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual abstinence</span> Act of refraining from sexual activity

Sexual abstinence or sexual restraint is the practice of refraining from sexual activity for reasons medical, psychological, legal, social, philosophical, moral, religious or other. It is a part of chastity. Celibacy is sexual abstinence generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious beliefs. Sexual abstinence before marriage is required by social norms in some societies, or by law in some countries. It is distinct from asexuality, which is a sexual orientation where people feel small or no sexual attraction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virginity</span> State of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse

Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse; it is considered a social construct, not an objective term with an operational definition. Social definitions of virginity therefore vary. Heterosexual individuals may or may not consider loss of virginity to occur only through penile-vaginal penetration, while people of other sexual orientations often include oral sex, anal sex, or manual sex in their definitions of losing one's virginity. The term virgin encompasses a range of definitions, as found in traditional, modern and ethical concepts. Religious rituals for regaining virginity exist in many cultures. Some men and women consider themselves born-again virgins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abstinence pledge</span> Conmitment to refrain from drug usage or sexual intercourse

Abstinence pledges are commitments made by people, often though not always teenagers and young adults, to practice abstinence, usually in the case of practicing teetotalism with respect to abstaining from alcohol and other drugs, or chastity, with respect to abstaining from sexual intercourse until marriage; in the case of sexual abstinence, they are sometimes also known as purity pledges or virginity pledges. They are most common in the United States among Catholic and Evangelical Christian denominations, while others are nonsectarian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Premarital sex</span> Sexual activity before marriage

Premarital sex is sex before marriage. Premarital sex is sex between two people who are not married to each other. Premarital sex is considered a sin by a number of religions and also considered a moral issue which is taboo in many cultures. Since the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, it has become accepted by certain liberal movements, especially in Western countries. A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered particularly unacceptable in "Muslim Majority Countries", such as Malaysia, Jordan and Pakistan, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany, and France expressing less than 10% disapproval.

A purity ball is a formal dance event typically practiced by some conservative Christian groups in the United States. The events are attended by fathers and their teenage daughters in order to promote virginity until marriage. Typically, daughters who attend a purity ball make a virginity pledge to remain sexually abstinent until marriage. Fathers who attend a purity ball make a promise to protect their young daughters' "purity of mind, body, and soul." The balls are considered a part of purity culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abstinence-only sex education</span> Form of sex education

Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches not having sex outside of marriage. It often excludes other types of sexual and reproductive health education, such as birth control and safe sex. In contrast, comprehensive sex education covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.

Adolescent sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feelings. Interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset of puberty, and sexuality is often a vital aspect of teenagers' lives. Sexual interest may be expressed in a number of ways, such as flirting, kissing, masturbation, or having sex with a partner. Sexual interest among adolescents, as among adults, can vary greatly, and is influenced by cultural norms and mores, sex education, as well as comprehensive sexuality education provided, sexual orientation, and social controls such as age-of-consent laws.

The sexuality of US adolescents includes their feelings, behaviors and development, and the place adolescent sexuality has in American society, including the response of the government, educators, parents, and other interested groups.

The theology on the body is a broad term for Catholic teachings on the human body.

A born-again virgin is a person who, after having engaged in sexual intercourse, makes some type of commitment not to be sexually active again until marriage. The term has been used among evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, who place a strong emphasis on abstinence from premarital and extramarital relations.

In the United States, sex education is taught in two main forms: comprehensive sex education and abstinence-only as part of the Adolescent Family Life Act, or AFLA. Comprehensive sex education is also called abstinence-based, abstinence-plus, abstinence-plus-risk-reduction, and sexual risk reduction sex education. This approach covers abstinence as a choice option, but also informs adolescents about age of consent and the availability of contraception and techniques to avoid contraction of sexually transmitted infections. Every state within the U.S. has a mandated AIDS Education Program.

The Savior's Alliance for Lifting the Truth, commonly known as The SALT, is an evangelical Christian organization founded in 1996 by Christine O'Donnell, a Christian public relations and marketing consultant who ran for the United States Senate, hoping to represent the State of Delaware, in 2006, 2008, and 2010. O'Donnell served as president of The SALT from its founding and was still listed as its president as of July 2010. The organization sought to promote chastity in young people before marriage, preferring to avoid the use of the term sexual abstinence. The SALT was featured in the U.S. national media on many occasions during the 1990s, with O'Donnell appearing as its representative.

<i>Making Chastity Sexy</i> 2011 book by Christine Gardner

Making Chastity Sexy: The Rhetoric of Evangelical Abstinence Campaigns is a 2011 book by Christine Gardner, a professor at Wheaton College. In it, Gardner states that sexual abstinence teachings by evangelicals are currently "using sex to sell abstinence" by promising more satisfying sexual activity within marriage for those who abstain from premarital sex; she argues that this rhetoric reinforces selfish desires for gratification, sets people up for divorce and dissatisfaction with marriage, and simply adapts "secular forms for religious ends".

Christine Joy Gardner is an American communication scholar and journalist. She is an associate professor and the chair of the Department of Communication Arts at Gordon College.

<i>The Purity Myth</i> 2009 book by Jessica Valenti

The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women (2009) is a book about virginity by feminist author Jessica Valenti. The book was first released onto hardback on March 24, 2009, through Seal Press. Valenti argues that there is a prevalent false notion promoted within the United States that a woman's worth is predicated upon whether or not she is sexually active, implying that the loss of virginity can negatively affect her. A DVD tie-in titled The Purity Myth: The Virginity Movement's War Against Women was released in 2011.

Uganda is one of the few Sub-Saharan African countries that has adopted abstinence-only sex education as an approach of sexual education that emphasizes abstinence from sexual intercourse until marriage as the only option. Abstinence-only sex education does not include joint curriculum covering other options including safe sex practices, family planning, and is espoused as the only sure way to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Uganda is commonly recognized as an exemplary case of lowering the rate of HIV prevalence. Prevalence figures may have also been distorted by the lack of treatment, meaning that the percentage of infected is decreased by disproportionately early deaths. Abstinence-only sex education has been implemented and supported for this cause to a large degree in Uganda, to some controversy. Critics have questioned its effectiveness in lowering HIV/AIDS transmission. They have also highlighted discrimination, gender inequality and social stigma as the outcomes of the program in Uganda.

Purity culture was a movement in the 1990s within Christianity which emphasized sexual abstinence.

Chastity clubs in the United States emerged in the 1990s for adolescents in elementary through high school. The rise of these clubs occurred alongside the rise of "purity culture" in the U.S. that promoted sexual chastity before marriage, including purity balls, sexual purity organizations, and government-funded abstinence-only sex education. Chastity clubs for adolescents came out of evangelical backlash to what they perceived as a new hyper-sexualized culture and a rise in sexual impurity. Soon, students at universities in the South began to form their own chastity clubs.

References

  1. 1 2 Bario, David (20 March 2005). "Virginity pledge comes with a ring--and tarnish". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, Kandice L. Grossman, Sociology of Sexualities, SAGE Publications, USA, 2017, p. 166
  3. ↑ "Teen Pledges Barely Cut STD Rates, Study Says". washingtonpost.com. 2005-03-19. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  4. 1 2 Stephanie Rosenbloom (2005-12-08). "A Ring That Says No, Not Yet". The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. ↑ "Vernacular Abstinence". Practical Matters Journal. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  6. ↑ Connolly, Ceci (2005-08-23). "Federal Funds For Abstinence Group Withheld". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  7. ↑ "Silver Ring Thing". Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  8. ↑ Zoepf, Katherine (2004-07-07). "A Plea for Chastity, but Will It Play in Randy Britain?". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  9. ↑ Rice-Oxley, Mark (2004-06-23). "US charity crusade gets cool response in secular Britain". The Christian Science Monitor . Christian Science Publishing Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  10. ↑ American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU of Massachusetts v. Secretary of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  11. ↑ Sostek, Anya (2006-02-24). "Abstinence group loses federal grant over 1st Amendment". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . John Robinson Block. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "'Chastity ring' girl loses case". BBC News. July 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Teen Girl Banned From School for Chastity Ring Heads to Court". London Times. Fox News. June 23, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  14. ↑ The Silver Ring Thing presents something new... THE UNALTERED TOUR
  15. ↑ Guilty Pleasures: Religion and Sex Among American University Students, Huffington Post , July 20, 2010
  16. ↑ Price, Deborah Evans (5 July 1997). "Crosse walks many miles to support new reunion set". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 27. pp. 9–12. ISSN   0006-2510.
  17. ↑ True Love Waits achieves Valentine's Day presence, The Washington Times , February 15, 1997
  18. ↑ "How effective are abstinence pledges?". BBC News. 29 June 2004. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  19. ↑ "9 Celebrities Who've Worn Purity Rings". The Huffington Post. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014. Believe it or not, wearing a purity ring was once a thing Miley Cyrus strongly believed in. Of course, the former Disney star wasn't alone in her conviction in waiting until marriage to have sex. In the past decade, scores of teen stars have talked about their pledge to abstinence by wearing it on their finger, from Jessica Simpson to the Jonas Brothers.
  20. ↑ Barlow Guidi, Rebecca (September 26, 2020). "Photo". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved September 29, 2020. Trust in the Lord and He will give you the desires of your heart. Be still and know He is working for you behind the scenes and in a moment…
  21. ↑ Mueller, Jim (June 12, 2011). "Rebecca St. James on Marriage". Growthtrac Ministries. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates". WebMD.com.
  23. ↑ Brückner, H.; Bearman, P. (2005). "After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges". Journal of Adolescent Health. 36 (4): 271–278. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005 . PMID   15780782. S2CID   10150529.
  24. ↑ Rosenbaum, J. E. (2009). "Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers". Pediatrics. 123 (1): e110–e120. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0407. PMC   2768056 . PMID   19117832.
  25. ↑ "Power to the pure: Rutland Herald Online". Rutlandherald.com. 2005-03-29. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  26. ↑ Hannah Brückner, Peter Bearman, After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges, jahonline.org, USA, April 1, 2005
  27. ↑ Hennie Weiss (March 27, 2012). "Review - Making Chastity Sexy". Metapsychology Online Reviews. 16 (13). Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  28. ↑ Sarah Pulliam Bailey (November 18, 2011). "The Rhetoric of Chastity: Making Abstinence Sexy". Christianity Today . Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  29. ↑ Morgan Lee, Did the Abstinence Movement Actually Help Christians Save Sex for Marriage?, christianpost.com, USA, February 21, 2014
  30. 1 2 3 Lee, Morgan (December 2, 2013). "Joe Jonas Talks About Relationship With God, Frustration With Purity Rings in Raw, Revealing Interview" . Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  31. ↑ Oshmyansky, Rosalyn (April 28, 2015). "Nick Jonas Reveals One Regret About Losing His Virginity". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  32. ↑ Falsani, Cathleen (6 January 2019). "Authors want to kiss 1990s-era purity rings goodbye". The Oakland Press. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  33. ↑ "The Flaw at the Center of Purity Culture". The Atlantic . 28 March 2021.

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