Qustul

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Qustul
Qustul Incense Burner, Qustal, Nubia, Cemetery L, tomb 24, A-Group, 3200-3000 BC, limestone - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC08007.JPG
Qustul Incense Burner (3200-3000 BCE), below, side with hypothesized white crown Qustul Incense Burner- side with hypothesized white crown.jpg
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Shown within Northeast Africa
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Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Qustul (Egypt)
Location Aswan Governorate, Egypt
Region Nubia
Coordinates 22°14′0″N31°37′0″E / 22.23333°N 31.61667°E / 22.23333; 31.61667
TypeArchaeological site

Qustul (Arabic : قسطل, romanized: Qusṭul) is an archaeological cemetery located on the eastern bank of the Nile in Lower Nubia, just opposite of Ballana near the Sudan frontier. The site has archaeological records from the A-Group culture, the New Kingdom of Egypt and the X-Group culture.

Contents

A-Group records

Three significant A-group culture cemeteries of the times of the First Dynasty of Egypt have been excavated, which is located in present-day Egypt what was once Lower Nubia at least 5800 years ago. The most important one, cemetery L, revealed wealthy burials of rulers. In one of these graves was found an incense burner believed by Bruce Williams of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago depicting images assigned to the Pharaoh including a shape of the White Crown of Upper Egypt. [1]

Bruce Williams argued in 1987 that his discovery of the Qutsul incense burner advanced no claim of a Nubian origin or genesis for the pharaonic monarchy but that the archaeological data shows Nubian linkages and influence in helping to "fashion pharaonic civilization", including detailed excavations of the burial place of the Nubian rulers with date stamps well before the historical First Dynasty of Egypt. The size and wealth of the tombs were also described as vastly greater than that of the well-known Abydos tombs in Egypt. [2]

This theory has been directly contradicted by more recent discoveries at Abydos in Upper Egypt which prove that the Egyptian monarchy predates the tombs at Qustul, and that the Qustul rulers probably adopted/emulated the symbols of Egyptian pharaohs. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] The archaeological cemeteries at Qustul are no longer available for excavations since the flooding of Lake Nasser. [11] According to David Wengrow, the A-Group polity of the late 4th millenninum BCE is poorly understood since most of the archaeological remains are submerged underneath Lake Nasser. [12]

Frank Yurco (1996) stated that depictions of pharonic iconography such as the royal crowns, Horus falcons and victory scenes were concentrated in the Upper Egyptian Naqada culture and A-Group Nubia. He further elaborated that:

"Egyptian writing arose in Naqadan Upper Egypt and A-Group Nubia, and not in the Delta cultures, where the direct Western Asian contact was made, further vititates the Mesopotamian-influence argument". [13]

Kathryn A. Bard wrote in 2003 that cylinder seals, "unquestionably invented in Mesopotamia", are found in Naqada II and Naqada III graves, and Mesopotamian motifs are found in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, on Naqada II and Naqada III artefacts, which has "raised the possibility of some southern route of contact between Susa and Upper Egypt, the nature of which is unknown at present." She also wrote that:

The A-Group wares were very distinct from the Naqada ones, and Egyptian products were probably obtained through trade and exchange. It has been suggested by Bruce Williams that the elite A-Group Cemetery L at Qustul in Lower Nubia represents Nubian rules who conquered and unified Egypt, founding the early pharaonic state, but most scholars do not agree with this hypothesis. [14]

Focusing on the A-Group culture (3500–2800 BCE), Michinori argued in 2000 that external influence from Nubia on the formation of Ancient Egypt in the pre-dynastic period to the dynasty period predates influence from eastern Mesopotamia. According to him, chiefs of the same cultural level as Upper Egyptian powers existed in Lower Nubia and exhibited pharaonic iconography before the unification of Egypt. [15]

Robert Bianchi wrote in 2004 that the Qustul burner was made from a type of limestone rock which is indigenous to Egypt. He also wrote that:

"The Egyptian character of the Qustul incense burner has been firmly established. The vessel can now be shown to be an Egyptian product imported into Nubia…. There is no comparable corpus of stone in the material culture of the A-Group Nubians." [16]

David Wengrow wrote in 2006 that during the late A-Group period, "the flow of imported goods southwards into Lower Nubia increased progressively." He also wrote that:

"Arguments made by Bruce Williams for the Nubian origins of ancient Egyptian kingship, based on his analysis of the Qustul material, have not been widely accepted, and are difficult to reconcile with growing evidence for the emergence of local elites within Egypt during the Naqada III period." [17]

Maria Carmela Gatto wrote in 2020 that Bruce Williams' statement was misunderstood as a claim that the Egyptian pharaonic monarchy originated in Nubia, leading to criticism from scholars such as William Y. Adams. Williams explicitly denied making such a sweeping claim, saying that he was only trying to "raise the strong possibility that Egypt’s founding dynasty originated near Qustul and that the unification was accomplished from Nubia”. Gatto added that the

"Whatever the claim, the (for some scholars) inconceivable idea of a primary role for Nubia in the rise of the Egyptian monarchy has been reconsidered after more recent finds in Upper Egypt dating back to the Naqada I period the early manifestations of elite iconography."

Gatto also noted "That the tombs found in Qustul were exceptional and comparable to those of the earliest Egyptian rulers remains, nevertheless, a fact." [18] In 2023, Christopher Ehret re-examined the archaeological findings of Bruce Williams. He argued that William’s findings were challenged at the time of discovery due to long-held assumptions of ancient Egypt “as somehow in but not of Africa”. Ehret cited recent work which revealed the Qustul state was more influential than initially suggested by Williams. [19] Ehret also wrote that:

“The Qustul elite and ruler in the second half of the fourth millennium participated together with their counterparts in the communities of the Naqada culture of southern Egypt in creating the emerging culture and paraphernalia of pharaonic culture”. [20]

X-Group records

A necropolis of the X-Group excavated by Walter Emery in 1931–1933 features large grave tumulae with bed burials for the kings with funeral sacrifices of horses, horse trappings and servants from the fourth to the sixth century CE. The royal nature of the burials is confirmed by the presence of bodies which were still wearing their crowns at the time of their discovery. [21]

Related Research Articles

Upper Egypt is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nubians</span> Ethnolinguistic group native to northern Sudan and southern Egypt

Nubians are a Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. They originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization. In the southern valley of Egypt, Nubians differ culturally and ethnically from Egyptians, although they intermarried with members of other ethnic groups, especially Arabs. They speak Nubian languages as a mother tongue, part of the Northern Eastern Sudanic languages, and Arabic as a second language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Dynasty of Egypt</span> Dynasty of ancient Egypt

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The Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period, is the era of ancient Egypt that immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC. It is generally taken to include the First Dynasty and the Second Dynasty, lasting from the end of the archaeological culture of Naqada III until c. 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. With the First Dynasty, the Egyptian capital moved from Thinis to Memphis, with the unified land being ruled by an Egyptian god-king. In the south, Abydos remained the major centre of ancient Egyptian religion; the hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as Egyptian art, Egyptian architecture, and many aspects of Egyptian religion, took shape during the Early Dynastic Period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prehistoric Egypt</span> Period starting at the first human settlement and ending at the First Dynasty of Egypt

Prehistoric Egypt and Predynastic Egypt was the period of time starting at the first human settlement and ending at the First Dynasty of Egypt around 3100 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Nubia</span> Northernmost part of Nubia

Lower Nubia is the northernmost part of Nubia, roughly contiguous with the modern Lake Nasser, which submerged the historical region in the 1960s with the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Many ancient Lower Nubian monuments, and all its modern population, were relocated as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia; Qasr Ibrim is the only major archaeological site which was neither relocated nor submerged. The intensive archaeological work conducted prior to the flooding means that the history of the area is much better known than that of Upper Nubia. According to David Wengrow, the A-Group Nubian polity of the late 4th millenninum BCE is poorly understood since most of the archaeological remains are submerged underneath Lake Nasser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerma culture</span> Ancient Sudanese kingdom

The Kingdom of Kerma or the Kerma culture was an early civilization centered in Kerma, Sudan. It flourished from around 2500 BC to 1500 BC in ancient Nubia. The Kerma culture was based in the southern part of Nubia, or "Upper Nubia", and later extended its reach northward into Lower Nubia and the border of Egypt. The polity seems to have been one of a number of Nile Valley states during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. In the Kingdom of Kerma's latest phase, lasting from about 1700 to 1500 BC, it absorbed the Sudanese kingdom of Sai and became a sizable, populous empire rivaling Egypt. Around 1500 BC, it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries. By the eleventh century BC, the more-Egyptianized Kingdom of Kush emerged, possibly from Kerma, and regained the region's independence from Egypt.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hedjet</span> White Crown of Higher Egypt

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naqada III</span> Last phase of the Naqada culture of ancient Egyptian prehistory

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ballana</span> Archaeological site in Nubia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tasian culture</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">X-Group culture</span> Nubian cultural period from the 1st millennium AD

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References

  1. ↑ More info about the Qustul Incense Burner retrieved 30 March 2017
  2. ↑ Williams, Bruce (1987). "Forebears of Menes in Nubia: Myth or Reality?". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 46 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1086/373213. ISSN   0022-2968. JSTOR   544188. S2CID   162047703.
  3. ↑ The Birth of an Ancient African Kingdom: Kush and Her Myth of the State in the First Millennium BC Issue 4 of Cahier de recherches de l'Institut de papyrologie et d'égyptologie de Lille: Supplément, Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie Lille, By László Török, page 98, University of Michigan; ISBN 9782950476432
  4. ↑ Shaw, Ian (23 October 2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. OUP Oxford. p. 63. ISBN   9780191604621 . Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Wengrow, D. (25 May 2006). The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa …. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN   9780521835862 . Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  6. ↑ Mitchell, Peter (2005). African Connections: An Archaeological Perspective on Africa and the Wider World. Rowman Altamira. p. 69. ISBN   9780759102590 . Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  7. ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2001). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. Page 194 probably. doi:10.4324/9780203024386. ISBN   9780415260114.
  8. ↑ Török, László (2009). Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt …. BRILL. p. 577. ISBN   978-9004171978 . Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  9. ↑ Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-313-32501-4 . Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  10. ↑ Wegner, J. W. 1996. Interaction between the Nubian A-Group and Predynastic Egypt: The Significance of the Qustul Incense Burner. In T. Celenko, Ed., Egypt in Africa: 98-100. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art/Indiana University Press.
  11. ↑ Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (20 October 2020). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Christian Nubia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 163. ISBN   978-1-5381-3341-5.
  12. ↑ Wengrow, David (2023). "Ancient Egypt and Nubian: Kings of Flood and Kings of Rain" in Great Kingdoms of Africa, John Parker (eds). [S.l.]: THAMES & HUDSON. pp. 1–40. ISBN   978-0500252529.
  13. ↑ Frank J.Yurco (1996). "The Origin and Development of Ancient Nile Valley Writing," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed). Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 34–35. ISBN   0-936260-64-5.
  14. ↑ Bard, Kathryn A. (23 October 2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. OUP Oxford. p. 63. ISBN   9780191604621.
  15. ↑ OHSHIRO, Michinori (2000). "The Nubian A-Group and Qustul Incense Burner A View of the Formation Period of Ancient Egypt". Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan. 43 (1): 103–118. doi: 10.5356/jorient.43.103 . ISSN   0030-5219.
  16. ↑ Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-313-32501-4.
  17. ↑ Wengrow, D. (25 May 2006). The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa …. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN   9780521835862.
  18. ↑ Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-19-049627-2.
  19. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (2023). Ancient Africa: a global history, to 300 CE. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN   978-0691244099.
  20. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (2023). Ancient Africa: a global history, to 300 CE. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN   978-0691244099.
  21. ↑ Derek A. Welsby, The kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic empires, chapter 9: The Decline and Fall of the Kushite Kingdom, ISBN   978-1558761827
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