RALGDS

RALGDS
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1RAX, 2B3A, 2RGF, 3KH0
Identifiers
Aliases	RALGDS , RGDS, RGF, RalGEF, ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator
External IDs	OMIM: 601619 MGI: 107485 HomoloGene: 4562 GeneCards: RALGDS
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (human)
End	133,149,334 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	28,443,093 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	pituitary gland; ; anterior pituitary; ; skin of abdomen; ; substantia nigra; ; amygdala; ; caudate nucleus; ; hippocampus proper; ; putamen; ; corpus callosum; ; nucleus accumbens;
	Top expressed in
	entorhinal cortex; ; spermatid; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; lip; ; spermatocyte; ; cerebellar cortex; ; lens; ; ankle joint; ; neural tube; ; seminiferous tubule;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding ; guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity ; GTPase regulator activity ;
Cellular component	cytosol ; brush border ; cytoplasm ; nucleus ;
Biological process	small GTPase mediated signal transduction ; Ras protein signal transduction ; signal transduction ; regulation of catalytic activity ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5900
	19730
	ENSG00000160271
	ENSMUSG00000026821
	Q12967
	Q03385
	NM_006266 ; NM_001042368 ; NM_001271774 ; NM_001271775 ; NM_001271776 Contents Interactions ; References ; Further reading ;
	NM_001145834 ; NM_001145835 ; NM_001145836 ; NM_009058
	NP_001035827 ; NP_001258703 ; NP_001258704 ; NP_001258705 ; NP_006257
	NP_001139306 ; NP_001139307 ; NP_001139308 ; NP_033084
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated December 24, 2023

Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that is encoded by the RALGDS gene in humans.^[5]^[6]

Interactions

RALGDS has been shown to interact with:

Arrestin beta 1,^[7]
Arrestin beta 2,^[7]
HRAS,^[5]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
KRAS,^[8]^[10]
MRAS,^[15]^[16]
RAP1A,^[9]^[17]
RAP2A,^[17]
RAPGEF2,^[8] and
RRAS.^[8]

Related Research Articles

Ras-related protein Rap-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAP1A gene.

Ras-related protein Rab-3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB3A gene. It is involved in calcium-triggered exocytosis in neurons.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K11 gene.

Activated CDC42 kinase 1, also known as ACK1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TNK2 gene. TNK2 gene encodes a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, ACK1, that binds to multiple receptor tyrosine kinases e.g. EGFR, MERTK, AXL, HER2 and insulin receptor (IR). ACK1 also interacts with Cdc42Hs in its GTP-bound form and inhibits both the intrinsic and GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-stimulated GTPase activity of Cdc42Hs. This binding is mediated by a unique sequence of 47 amino acids C-terminal to an SH3 domain. The protein may be involved in a regulatory mechanism that sustains the GTP-bound active form of Cdc42Hs and which is directly linked to a tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction pathway. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified from this gene, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined.

RalA-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALBP1 gene.

Ras-related protein R-Ras is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRAS gene.

Ras-related protein Rap-2a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAP2A gene. RAP2A is a member of the Ras-related protein family.

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF2 gene.

Ras-related protein R-Ras2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRAS2 gene.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K10 gene.

Ran-specific binding protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RANBP1 gene.

Ras Related Glycolysis Inhibitor and Calcium Channel Regulator (RRAD) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRAD gene. RRAD is a Ras-related small GTPase that is regulated by p53 and plays a role in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis.

Ras-related protein Rap-2b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAP2B gene. RAP2B belongs to the Ras-related protein family.

Ras-related protein M-Ras, also known as muscle RAS oncogene homolog and R-Ras3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRAS gene on chromosome 3. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. This protein functions as a signal transducer for a wide variety of signaling pathways, including those promoting neural and bone formation as well as tumor growth. The MRAS gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene.

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF2 gene.

Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGL2 gene.

Rap1 GTPase-GDP dissociation stimulator 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAP1GDS1 gene.

GTPase activating protein and VPS9 domains 1, also known as GAPVD1, Gapex-5 and RME-6 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GAPVD1 gene.

Ras association domain-containing protein 9 (RASSF9), also known as PAM COOH-terminal interactor protein 1 (PCIP1) or peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase COOH-terminal interactor (PAMCI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF9 gene.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160271 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026821 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1 2 Hofer F, Fields S, Schneider C, Martin GS (December 1994). "Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (23): 11089–93. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111089H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11089 . PMC 45172 . PMID 7972015.
↑ "Entrez Gene: RALGDS ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator".
1 2 Bhattacharya M, Anborgh PH, Babwah AV, Dale LB, Dobransky T, Benovic JL, Feldman RD, Verdi JM, Rylett RJ, Ferguson SS (August 2002). "Beta-arrestins regulate a Ral-GDS Ral effector pathway that mediates cytoskeletal reorganization". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1038/ncb821. PMID 12105416. S2CID 20784208.
1 2 3 4 Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (December 1994). "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (26): 12609–13. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112609S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609 . PMC 45488 . PMID 7809086.
1 2 Boettner B, Govek EE, Cross J, Van Aelst L (August 2000). "The junctional multidomain protein AF-6 is a binding partner of the Rap1A GTPase and associates with the actin cytoskeletal regulator profilin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (16): 9064–9. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.9064B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.9064 . PMC 16822 . PMID 10922060.
1 2 Li W, Han M, Guan KL (April 2000). "The leucine-rich repeat protein SUR-8 enhances MAP kinase activation and forms a complex with Ras and Raf". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 895–900. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.895. PMC 316541 . PMID 10783161.
↑ Mitin NY, Ramocki MB, Zullo AJ, Der CJ, Konieczny SF, Taparowsky EJ (May 2004). "Identification and characterization of rain, a novel Ras-interacting protein with a unique subcellular localization". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (21): 22353–61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M312867200 . PMID 15031288.
↑ Miller MJ, Prigent S, Kupperman E, Rioux L, Park SH, Feramisco JR, White MA, Rutkowski JL, Meinkoth JL (February 1997). "RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (9): 5600–5. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5600 . PMID 9038168.
↑ Rodriguez-Viciana P, Warne PH, Khwaja A, Marte BM, Pappin D, Das P, Waterfield MD, Ridley A, Downward J (May 1997). "Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras". Cell. 89 (3): 457–67. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80226-3 . PMID 9150145. S2CID 14459536.
↑ Stang S, Bottorff D, Stone JC (June 1997). "Interaction of activated Ras with Raf-1 alone may be sufficient for transformation of rat2 cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (6): 3047–55. doi:10.1128/MCB.17.6.3047. PMC 232157 . PMID 9154803.
↑ Kimmelman A, Tolkacheva T, Lorenzi MV, Osada M, Chan AM (November 1997). "Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution". Oncogene. 15 (22): 2675–85. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201674 . PMID 9400994.
↑ Ehrhardt GR, Leslie KB, Lee F, Wieler JS, Schrader JW (October 1999). "M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of a constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line". Blood. 94 (7): 2433–44. doi:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2433.419k31_2433_2444. PMID 10498616. S2CID 40024826.
1 2 Nancy V, Wolthuis RM, de Tand MF, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Bos JL, de Gunzburg J (March 1999). "Identification and characterization of potential effector molecules of the Ras-related GTPase Rap2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8737–45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8737 . PMID 10085114.

Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (1995). "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (26): 12609–13. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112609S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609 . PMC 45488 . PMID 7809086.
Albright CF, Giddings BW, Liu J, Vito M, Weinberg RA (1993). "Characterization of a guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for a ras-related GTPase". EMBO J. 12 (1): 339–47. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05662.x. PMC 413211 . PMID 8094051.
Urano T, Emkey R, Feig LA (1996). "Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation". EMBO J. 15 (4): 810–6. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00416.x. PMC 450279 . PMID 8631302.
Miller MJ, Prigent S, Kupperman E, Rioux L, Park SH, Feramisco JR, White MA, Rutkowski JL, Meinkoth JL (1997). "RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (9): 5600–5. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5600 . PMID 9038168.
Fukunaga R, Hunter T (1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates". EMBO J. 16 (8): 1921–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMC 1169795 . PMID 9155018.
Geyer M, Herrmann C, Wohlgemuth S, Wittinghofer A, Kalbitzer HR (1997). "Structure of the Ras-binding domain of RalGEF and implications for Ras binding and signalling". Nat. Struct. Biol. 4 (9): 694–9. doi:10.1038/nsb0997-694. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-0024-AF7E-E . PMID 9302994. S2CID 3189922.
Humphrey D, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Haines JL, Halley D, van Slegtenhorst M, Kwiatkowski DJ (1997). "Cloning and evaluation of RALGDS as a candidate for the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1". Ann. Hum. Genet. 61 (Pt 4): 299–305. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6140299.x . PMID 9365783. S2CID 20453717.
Kimmelman A, Tolkacheva T, Lorenzi MV, Osada M, Chan AM (1998). "Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution". Oncogene. 15 (22): 2675–85. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201674 . PMID 9400994.
Shirouzu M, Morinaka K, Koyama S, Hu CD, Hori-Tamura N, Okada T, Kariya K, Kataoka T, Kikuchi A, Yokoyama S (1998). "Interactions of the amino acid residue at position 31 of the c-Ha-Ras protein with Raf-1 and RalGDS". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (13): 7737–42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.13.7737 . PMID 9516482.
Okada S, Matsuda M, Anafi M, Pawson T, Pessin JE (1998). "Insulin regulates the dynamic balance between Ras and Rap1 signaling by coordinating the assembly states of the Grb2-SOS and CrkII-C3G complexes". EMBO J. 17 (9): 2554–65. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.9.2554. PMC 1170597 . PMID 9564038.
Nancy V, Wolthuis RM, de Tand MF, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Bos JL, de Gunzburg J (1999). "Identification and characterization of potential effector molecules of the Ras-related GTPase Rap2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8737–45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8737 . PMID 10085114.
Ehrhardt GR, Leslie KB, Lee F, Wieler JS, Schrader JW (1999). "M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of a constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line". Blood. 94 (7): 2433–44. doi:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2433.419k31_2433_2444. PMID 10498616. S2CID 40024826.
Shao H, Kadono-Okuda K, Finlin BS, Andres DA (1999). "Biochemical characterization of the Ras-related GTPases Rit and Rin". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 371 (2): 207–19. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1448. PMID 10545207.
Zheng Q, Yu L, Zhao Y, Sun X, Dai F, Hu P, Fu Q, Geng Z (2000). "[Refined chromosome assignment of human novel H-RalGDS gene on chromosome 9q34.1 by using radiation hybrid genebridge 4 panel]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 17 (1): 1–5. PMID 10653898.
Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ishikawa KI, Hirosawa M, Ohara O (2000). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVI. The complete sequences of 150 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 7 (1): 65–73. doi: 10.1093/dnares/7.1.65 . PMID 10718198.
Zheng Q, Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Fu Q, Mao N, Hu P, Geng Z, Zhao S (2001). "Structure characterization of human RalGDS gene, and the identification of its novel variant". Mol. Biol. Rep. 27 (4): 209–16. doi:10.1023/A:1011043122220. PMID 11455956. S2CID 7866224.
Murphy GA, Graham SM, Morita S, Reks SE, Rogers-Graham K, Vojtek A, Kelley GG, Der CJ (2002). "Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not RalGDS, in TC21/R-Ras2-mediated transformation". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (12): 9966–75. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109059200 . PMID 11788587.
Ramírez de Molina A, Penalva V, Lucas L, Lacal JC (2002). "Regulation of choline kinase activity by Ras proteins involves Ral-GDS and PI3K". Oncogene. 21 (6): 937–46. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205144. PMID 11840339. S2CID 20848629.
Tian X, Rusanescu G, Hou W, Schaffhausen B, Feig LA (2002). "PDK1 mediates growth factor-induced Ral-GEF activation by a kinase-independent mechanism". EMBO J. 21 (6): 1327–38. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.6.1327. PMC 125928 . PMID 11889038.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160271 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026821 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid7972015-5] 1 2 Hofer F, Fields S, Schneider C, Martin GS (December 1994). "Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (23): 11089–93. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111089H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11089 . PMC 45172 . PMID 7972015.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: RALGDS ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator".

[pmid12105416-7] 1 2 Bhattacharya M, Anborgh PH, Babwah AV, Dale LB, Dobransky T, Benovic JL, Feldman RD, Verdi JM, Rylett RJ, Ferguson SS (August 2002). "Beta-arrestins regulate a Ral-GDS Ral effector pathway that mediates cytoskeletal reorganization". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1038/ncb821. PMID 12105416. S2CID 20784208.

[pmid7809086-8] 1 2 3 4 Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (December 1994). "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (26): 12609–13. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112609S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609 . PMC 45488 . PMID 7809086.

[pmid10922060-9] 1 2 Boettner B, Govek EE, Cross J, Van Aelst L (August 2000). "The junctional multidomain protein AF-6 is a binding partner of the Rap1A GTPase and associates with the actin cytoskeletal regulator profilin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (16): 9064–9. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.9064B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.9064 . PMC 16822 . PMID 10922060.

[pmid10783161-10] 1 2 Li W, Han M, Guan KL (April 2000). "The leucine-rich repeat protein SUR-8 enhances MAP kinase activation and forms a complex with Ras and Raf". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 895–900. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.895. PMC 316541 . PMID 10783161.

[pmid15031288-11] Mitin NY, Ramocki MB, Zullo AJ, Der CJ, Konieczny SF, Taparowsky EJ (May 2004). "Identification and characterization of rain, a novel Ras-interacting protein with a unique subcellular localization". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (21): 22353–61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M312867200 . PMID 15031288.

[pmid9038168-12] Miller MJ, Prigent S, Kupperman E, Rioux L, Park SH, Feramisco JR, White MA, Rutkowski JL, Meinkoth JL (February 1997). "RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (9): 5600–5. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5600 . PMID 9038168.

[pmid9150145-13] Rodriguez-Viciana P, Warne PH, Khwaja A, Marte BM, Pappin D, Das P, Waterfield MD, Ridley A, Downward J (May 1997). "Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras". Cell. 89 (3): 457–67. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80226-3 . PMID 9150145. S2CID 14459536.

[pmid9154803-14] Stang S, Bottorff D, Stone JC (June 1997). "Interaction of activated Ras with Raf-1 alone may be sufficient for transformation of rat2 cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (6): 3047–55. doi:10.1128/MCB.17.6.3047. PMC 232157 . PMID 9154803.

[pmid9400994-15] Kimmelman A, Tolkacheva T, Lorenzi MV, Osada M, Chan AM (November 1997). "Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution". Oncogene. 15 (22): 2675–85. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201674 . PMID 9400994.

[pmid10498616-16] Ehrhardt GR, Leslie KB, Lee F, Wieler JS, Schrader JW (October 1999). "M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of a constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line". Blood. 94 (7): 2433–44. doi:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2433.419k31_2433_2444. PMID 10498616. S2CID 40024826.

[pmid10085114-17] 1 2 Nancy V, Wolthuis RM, de Tand MF, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Bos JL, de Gunzburg J (March 1999). "Identification and characterization of potential effector molecules of the Ras-related GTPase Rap2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8737–45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8737 . PMID 10085114.

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RALGDS

Contents

Interactions

Related Research Articles

References

Further reading