Ranga P. Dias

Last updated

Ranga P. Dias
Born
Sri Lanka
Alma mater Washington State University
University of Colombo
Scientific career
Fields Superconductivity
Institutions University of Rochester
Harvard University
Thesis Phase Transitions, Metallization, Superconductivity and Magnetic Ordering in Dense Carbon Disulfide and Chemical Analogs  (2013)
Doctoral advisor Choong-shik Yoo
Website labsites.rochester.edu/dias

Ranga P. Dias is a researcher and academic who specializes in condensed matter physics. He is an assistant professor in the departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester (UR), and a scientist at the UR Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

Contents

In 2020 and in 2023, his group published two papers claiming to have achieved room-temperature superconductivity, the first using carbonaceous sulfur hydride at extremely high pressure, and the second using nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at near-ambient pressure. Both papers were later retracted after accusations of scientific misconduct, including data fabrication and manipulation. [1] [2] Dias denied these charges, with an initial investigation by University of Rochester in 2020 reporting no evidence of misconduct. [3] [4] However a later independent investigation performed by the American Physical Society did find such evidence, [5] [6] [7] [8] and a March 2024 investigation by the University reported that Dias "engaged in research misconduct." [9]

As of 2024, Dias and his collaborator Ashkan Salamat at University of Nevada, Las Vegas have had five of their research papers retracted. [10] [11]

Dias founded a company, Unearthly Materials, related to his research work, which was found to make misleading claims made about its funding and investors. [12]

Early life and education

Ranga Prabashwara Dias was born into a middle-class family in Kottawa, Sri Lanka. [13] [14] [15] [16] He is the eldest of three children, and has a younger brother and sister. He completed elementary school at the St. Joseph's Boys' College, Nugegoda, middle school at the President's College, Maharagama, and high school studies at the Royal College, Colombo. [16]

He received his B.S. in physics from the University of Colombo in 2006. [17] In 2013, he obtained his Ph.D. in physics from Washington State University, where he studied under Professor Choong-shik Yoo. [18] After his Ph.D., he was hired by Professor Isaac Silvera at the Department of Physics, Harvard University, to research metallic hydrogen. [19] [13]

In January 2017, together with Silvera, Dias (then a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University) reported the creation of solid metallic hydrogen using a diamond anvil cell. [20] [21] This state of hydrogen was originally predicted by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington in 1935, [22] since which scientists have been trying make the substance. However, several physicists expressed skepticism about the result. [23]

Career

In 2017, Dias became an assistant professor in both the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester. [24]

Dias's research focuses on properties of materials at extreme pressure and temperature conditions. These materials exhibit fundamental changes in their properties, potentially leading to the discovery of novel phenomena and exotic states of matter that do not exist under normal conditions. He is particularly interested in high-temperature superconductivity and quantum phase transitions of hydrogen and hydride materials. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] His research utilizes a diamond anvil cell and lasers to achieve extreme pressure and temperatures in materials. [30]

In 2021, he was named as an innovation leader in the Time 100 Next list. [31] [32]

Scientific misconduct investigations

As of 2024, five of Dias's papers have been retracted, all with a small cohort of coauthors. [11]

Published peer-reviewed works

Dias's research into room temperature superconductivity and metallic hydrogen has been the subject of controversy and scrutiny due to concerns regarding data availability, data analysis methods, and lack of reproducibility. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

In 2020, Dias published a paper in Nature describing room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride. [26] [4] When asked about a potential Nobel Prize for this discovery, Dias said: "Yes, this has a potential for such high recognition, but I do not believe this will happen in the near future." [16] It was retracted by Nature in 2022. Condensed matter theorist Jorge E. Hirsch was the first to question peculiarities in the published data. [38] [39] Marvin L. Cohen, National Medal of Science recipient and former president of the American Physical Society, was also an early voice pointing out problems with the carbonaceous sulfur hydride paper. [40]

After the paper was retracted, Dias and co-author Ashkan Salamat denied accusations of misconduct. Initial investigations by the University of Rochester found no evidence to support the accusations, [3] [4] but in 2024 they found Dias had engaged in research misconduct. [9]

In 2022, James Hamlin, a physicist at the University of Florida, alleged that Dias may have copied data in a 2021 paper from an experiment on a different material in his 2013 Ph.D. thesis. [41] Coauthor Ashkan Salamat denied accusations of wrongdoing in an interview. [4] However, the journal Physical Review Letters subsequently added an 'expression of concern' to the paper, and is conducting an investigation. [37] Hamlin discovered the similarity between the figures while following up on his discovery that Dias had plagiarized part of that thesis from Hamlin's own Ph.D. thesis. [42]

In April 2023, a comment on another of Dias's papers in the journal ChemComm (which was said to be a partial replication of his CSH superconductivity results) was published. [43] The comment says that:

"with probability larger than 1–10−338 some of those data were not measured in a laboratory, contrary to what the papers claim. This finding undermines confidence in the claim that any of the experimental evidence reported in those papers reflects the properties of real physical samples of CSH."

On July 25, 2023, it was announced that a 2021 paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL) on which Dias was a co-author would be retracted due to suspected data fabrication. The journal commissioned an investigation by four independent referees and concluded that "The findings back up the allegations of data fabrication/falsification convincingly". Two of the referees reported on "a very disturbing picture of apparent data fabrication followed by an attempt to hide or coverup [sic] the fact. We urge immediate retraction of the paper". [5] [6] [7] [8] The PRL retraction said that "Dias stands by the data in Fig. 1(b) and does not agree to retract the Letter". [44] He was the only author to do so, and all other authors agreed to the retraction. He responded that some errors in charts were unintentionally introduced in Adobe Illustrator by his colleagues. One of the reviewers hired by PRL to conduct an independent review said Dias's response was "both inadequate and disappointing", adding that Adobe Illustrator was never mentioned in the discussions among the authors, Hamlin, and PRL's editors that were provided to the reviewers. The University of Rochester spokesperson said the university "has a comprehensive investigation underway into the questions raised about the integrity of all data at issue in this and other studies". [45]

On September 26, 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the coauthors of the N-doped lutetium hydride Nature paper [29] were requesting a retraction, alleging Dias of misrepresenting data. He denied the allegation and said he did not agree to retract. [46] On November 7, 2023 Nature formally retracted the paper in question, [29] [47] with the statement indicating that "... request of the authors Nathan Dasenbrock-Gammon, Elliot Snider, Raymond McBride, Hiranya Pasan, Dylan Durkee, Sachith E. Dissanayake, Keith V. Lawler and Ashkan Salamat." The retraction note states that the remaining authors "Nugzari Khalvashi-Sutter, Sasanka Munasinghe and Ranga P. Dias have not stated whether they agree or disagree with this retraction." [47]

Commenting in Physics World about Dias and the controversy surrounding his superconductivity work, physicist Lilia Boeri said his "inconsiderate behaviour has harmed the reputation of the field". James Hamlin said, "I do think the whole saga is damaging to science in general, and superconductivity research more so, and more broadly it's fuel for anti-science types." [48]

In 2024, a news report in Nature noted that " Dias is now infamous for the scandal that surrounds his work," that "many other research groups have tried and failed to replicate Dias’s superconductivity results," revealed that the University of Rochester had "launched a fourth investigation, led by experts external to the university [following which] Dias was stripped of his students and laboratories," and "the evidence raises questions about why the problems in Dias’s lab did not prompt stronger action, and sooner, by his collaborators, by Nature’s journal team and by his university." [49]

Unearthly Materials

In 2020, Dias and Salamat formed a start up company called Unearthly Materials, intended to commercially exploit patents held by Dias and the University of Rochester related to Dias' alleged discoveries of high temperature superconductivity. [50]

In March 2023, a reporter for Quanta Magazine found a 2021 YouTube talk in which Dias claimed that Unearthly Materials had raised $20 million and listed investors that included the CEOs of OpenAI and Spotify. A representative for Dias then retracted the claims of both the funding and the investors, saying they were "aspirational". [3] [51]

2013, Washington State University, Ph.D. thesis

In April 2023, the journal Science reported at least 21% of Dias's 2013 doctoral thesis, supervised at Washington State University, had been identified as copied from uncredited sources, including the 2007 doctoral thesis of James Hamlin, at Washington University in St. Louis, in addition to parts of a 1999 paper of his PhD adviser, Choong-Shik Yoo. [52] [6] Analysis of Dias's thesis by Lisa Rasmussen, a research ethicist at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, also indicated plagiarism. [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Condensed matter physics</span> Branch of physics

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions among them. More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at extremely low cryogenic temperatures, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, the Bose–Einstein condensates found in ultracold atomic systems, and liquid crystals. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties, and by applying the physical laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and other physics theories to develop mathematical models and predict the properties of extremely large groups of atoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superconductivity</span> Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance

Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-temperature superconductivity</span> Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero

High-temperature superconductivity is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They are only "high-temperature" relative to previously known superconductors, which function at colder temperatures, close to absolute zero. The "high temperatures" are still far below ambient, and therefore require cooling. The first breakthrough of high-temperature superconductor was discovered in 1986 by IBM researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. Although the critical temperature is around 35.1 K, this new type of superconductor was readily modified by Ching-Wu Chu to make the first high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature 93 K. Bednorz and Müller were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". Most high-Tc materials are type-II superconductors.

Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington.

Palladium hydride is palladium metal with hydrogen within its crystal lattice. Despite its name, it is not an ionic hydride but rather an alloy of palladium with metallic hydrogen that can be written PdHx. At room temperature, palladium hydrides may contain two crystalline phases, α and β. Pure α-phase exists at x < 0.017 while pure β-phase exists at x > 0.58; intermediate values of x correspond to α–β mixtures.

The Schön scandal concerns German physicist Jan Hendrik Schön who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparently successful experiments with semiconductors that were discovered later to be fraudulent. Before he was exposed, Schön had received the Otto-Klung-Weberbank Prize for Physics and the Braunschweig Prize in 2001, as well as the Outstanding Young Investigator Award of the Materials Research Society in 2002, all of which were later rescinded. He was also supposed to receive the William L. McMillan Award from the University of Illinois in 2002, but due to the intervention of Daniel C. Ralph of Cornell University, Schön was never given the award.

A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical material capable of displaying superconductivity above 0 °C, operating temperatures which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately 250 K (−23 °C) at 200 GPa.

Cuprate superconductors are a family of high-temperature superconducting materials made of layers of copper oxides (CuO2) alternating with layers of other metal oxides, which act as charge reservoirs. At ambient pressure, cuprate superconductors are the highest temperature superconductors known. However, the mechanism by which superconductivity occurs is still not understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Covalent superconductor</span> Superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds

Covalent superconductors are superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds. The first such material was boron-doped synthetic diamond grown by the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method. The discovery had no practical importance, but surprised most scientists as superconductivity had not been observed in covalent semiconductors, including diamond and silicon.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Eremets</span>

Mikhail Ivanovich Eremets is an experimentalist in high pressure physics, chemistry and materials science. He is particularly known for his research on superconductivity, having discovered the highest critical temperature of 250 K (-23 °C) for superconductivity in lanthanum hydride under high pressures. Part of his research contains exotic manifestations of materials such as conductive hydrogen, polymeric nitrogen and transparent sodium.

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH5, LiH6, and LiH7. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom.

Egor Babaev is a Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

Lanthanum decahydride is a polyhydride or superhydride compound of lanthanum and hydrogen (LaH10) that has shown evidence of being a high-temperature superconductor. It was the first metal superhydride to be theoretically predicted, synthesized, and experimentally confirmed to superconduct at near room-temperatures. It has a superconducting transition temperature TC around 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F) at a pressure of 150 gigapascals (22×10^6 psi), and its synthesis required pressures above approximately 160 gigapascals (23×10^6 psi).

In chemistry, a hydridonitride is a chemical compound that contains both hydride and nitride ions. These inorganic compounds are distinct from inorganic amides and imides as the hydrogen does not share a bond with nitrogen, and usually contain a larger proportion of metals.

Carbonaceous sulfur hydride (CSH) is a potential superconductor that was announced in October 2020 by the lab of Ranga Dias at the University of Rochester, in a Nature paper that was later retracted. It was reported to have a superconducting transition temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) at a pressure of 267 gigapascals (GPa), which would have made it the highest-temperature superconductor discovered. The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature. In July 2023 a second paper by the authors was retracted from Physical Review Letters due to suspected data fabrication, and in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.

Uranium ditelluride is an inorganic compound with the formula UTe2. It was discovered to be an unconventional superconductor in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LK-99</span> Proposed superconducting material

LK-99, also called PCPOSOS, is a gray–black, polycrystalline compound, identified as a copper-doped lead‒oxyapatite. A team from Korea University led by Lee Sukbae (이석배) and Kim Ji-Hoon (김지훈) began studying this material as a potential superconductor starting in 1999. In July 2023, they published preprints claiming that it acts as a room-temperature superconductor at temperatures of up to 400 K at ambient pressure.

References

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  24. ↑ "New Faculty 2017–2018". www.rochester.edu. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
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  26. 1 2 Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (October 15, 2020). "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Nature. 586 (7829): 373–377. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..373S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z. OSTI   1673473. PMID   33057222. S2CID   222823227. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9, PMID   36163290)
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  28. ↑ Dias, Ranga P.; Noked, Ori; Silvera, Isaac F. (April 8, 2016). "New Phases and Dissociation-Recombination of Hydrogen Deuteride to 3.4 Mbar". Physical Review Letters. 116 (14): 145501. arXiv: 1510.05686 . Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116n5501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.145501. PMID   27104717. S2CID   115503.
  29. 1 2 3 Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (March 1, 2023). "Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride". Nature. 615 (7951): 244–250. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..244D. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   36890373. S2CID   257407449. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2, PMID   37935926)
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  34. ↑ Bushwick, Sophie. "Controversy Surrounds Blockbuster Superconductivity Claim". Scientific American. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  35. ↑ "'Revolutionary' blue crystal resurrects hope of room temperature superconductivity". www.science.org. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  36. ↑ Wood, Charlie. "Room-Temperature Superconductor Discovery Meets With Resistance". Quanta Magazine . Retrieved November 10, 2023.
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  42. 1 2 "Plagiarism allegations pursue physicist behind stunning superconductivity claims". www.science.org. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  43. ↑ Hirsch, Jorge (April 21, 2023). "Comment on "Carbon content drives high temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride below 100 GPa" by G. A. Smith, I. E. Collings, E. Snider, D. Smith, S. Petitgirard, J. S. Smith, M. White, E. Jones, P. Ellison, K. V. Lawler, R. P. Dias and A. Salamat, Chem. Commun., 2022, 59, 5765–5770". Chemical Communications. 59 (38): 5765–5770. doi:10.1039/D2CC05277F. PMID   37083704.
  44. ↑ Durkee, Dylan; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Smith, G. Alexander; Snider, Elliot; Smith, Dean; Childs, Christian; Kimber, Simon A. J.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan (August 15, 2023). "Retraction: Colossal Density-Driven Resistance Response in the Negative Charge Transfer Insulator [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 016401 (2021)]". Physical Review Letters. 131 (7): 079902. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.079902 . PMID   37656869.
  45. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (August 15, 2023). "Superconductor Scientist Faces Investigation as a Paper Is Retracted". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  46. ↑ Subbaraman, Nidhi. "WSJ News Exclusive | Co-Authors Seek to Retract Paper Claiming Superconductor Breakthrough". WSJ. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  47. 1 2 Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (November 7, 2023). "Retraction Note: Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride". Nature. 624 (7991): 460. Bibcode:2023Natur.624..460D. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2 . ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   37935926.
  48. ↑ Banks, Michael (October 20, 2023). "Superconductivity 'damaged' as researchers look to move on from retractions". Physics World. IOP Publishing. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  49. ↑ Garisto, Dan (March 8, 2024). "Superconductivity scandal: the inside story of deception in a rising star's physics lab". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00716-2 . Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  50. ↑ Marcotte, Bob. "Room temperature superconductor? Rochester lab sets new record toward long-sought goal". The University of Rochester. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  51. ↑ Staff, C. T. (July 23, 2023). "Professor faces second paper retraction due to alleged data manipulation". Campus Times. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  52. ↑ GARISTO, Daniel (April 13, 2023). "Plagiarism allegations pursue physicist behind stunning superconductivity claims - Evidence suggests much of Ranga Dias's thesis was copied from other sources". Science. Retrieved November 10, 2023.

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