Red Tail Squadron

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Red Tail Squadron
FocusHistory of the Tuskegee Airmen
Location
  • 971 Hallstrom Drive
    Red Wing, Minnesota 55066
OriginsThe Commemorative Air Force (CAF) Red Tail Squadron
MethodExhibition
Website CAF Red Tail Squadron

The Red Tail Squadron, part of the non-profit Commemorative Air Force (CAF), known as the Red Tail Project until June 2011, maintains and flies a World War II era North American P-51C Mustang. The twice-restored aircraft flies to create interest in the history and accomplishments of the members of the World War II-era 332nd Fighter Group, also known as the Tuskegee Airmen, whose distinctive red markings on the tails of the P-51s they flew during that war, gave the organization its name. [1]

Contents

The all African American 332d Fighter Group originally flew 15,550 sorties as bomber escorts in the Mustang; eventually the Airmen, who were originally shunned in the white military, acquired the right to fly combat missions. In 1970, the Commemorative Air Force acquired an original P-51 to include in their educational program. In 1980, Don Hinz took charge of the aircraft's restoration, and developed the idea of the Red Tail Project, named for the distinctive red paint on the Airmen's aircraft. [2] Originally conceived as a restoration project, Red Tail evolved into an education program. Although the P-51 was restored, mechanical failure caused a crash and the death of the pilot, a retired U.S. Navy commander; the Tuskegee Airmen endorsed and encouraged the aircraft's second restoration, and the newly restored P-51C made its debut at AirVenture 2009 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. [3]

Since the 1990s, [4] the Red Tail Squadron has raised over $2 million (US) for the aircraft's two restorations, its ongoing maintenance and associated educational programs. The Mustang has been featured in two documentary films: Red Tail Reborn , and Flight of the Red Tail .

The Tuskegee Airmen

Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group, known as Tuskegee Airmen, at Ramitelli Airfield, Italy Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group.jpg
Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group, known as Tuskegee Airmen, at Ramitelli Airfield, Italy

Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name of a group of African American pilots who fought in World War II as the 332nd Fighter Group and 477th Bombardment Group of the US Army Air Corps. They are also sometimes referred to as the Red Tail Angels or Red Tails, unofficial terms that were used during the War to describe the mostly unknown group of Airmen because of the distinctive red paint used on the tails of their fighter aircraft. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first unit of African American military aviators in the United States armed forces. During World War II, African Americans were still subjected to Jim Crow laws in portions of the United States and the American military itself was racially segregated. Legal and social prejudice prevented the Airmen from flying combat missions. Despite their adversities, the Tuskegee Airmen flew with distinction: In 2007, 350 Tuskegee Airmen and their widows were awarded a collective Congressional Gold Medal, [5] and the airfield where they trained has been designated as Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. Although some sources claimed the Airmen had a perfect record in their 15,000 missions as bomber escorts, [6] [7] a report released in 2007 stated they lost 25 bombers. [8]

P-51C Mustang Tuskegee Airmen

P-51C Mustang Tuskegee Airmen
P-51C-18.jpg
P-51C-06.jpg
P-51C-17.jpg
Images of "Tuskegee Airmen", a restored World War II P-51 Mustang flown by the CAF Red Tail Squadron

At the conclusion of World War II in 1945, the United States Army sold off military surplus and for $1 ($16.9 today) Montana State University in Bozeman, Montana bought a P-51C aircraft, which it parked on its campus in front of the engineering building. [9] The P-51C was essentially left alone in Montana, except for an occasional coat of silver paint. In 1965, when the University wanted to add a parking lot, restorer Lloyd Creek bought it from the University for $1, provided that he could remove it from the campus in 24 hours of notification in winning the bid. To move the P-51C promptly to Billings, Montana necessitated the removal of the wings, which were sawed off with a circular saw. When the aircraft arrived in Billings, the wings were reattached to the fuselage. [9]

In 1970, frustrated with restoration efforts, Creek donated the P-51C to the CAF, which disassembled the aircraft and shipped it to the organization's home base in Texas. While awaiting restoration, the aircraft endured a hurricane which exposed numerous parts of the aircraft to seawater damage. Several CAF volunteers attempted to rehab the aircraft in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Texas, Council Bluffs, Iowa, and finally in the late 1980s at the home of the Southern Minnesota wing of the CAF, which had just completed the restoration of the North American B-25 Mitchell bomber, Miss Mitchell. After noting the P-51C was in need of restoration, Don Hinz channeled his energy and talents into the emerging Red Tail project. [9] The aircraft is now one of only four existing P-51C Mustangs in existence. [10] As one of the four flying Mustangs, it is worth $2.5 million. [11]

History

The Commemorative Air Force, which has approximately 9,000 members and a fleet of 156 aircraft, is an educational association with the purpose to pay tribute to American military aviation through flight, exhibition and remembrance. It has been collecting, restoring and flying vintage historical aircraft for more than half a century. [12] In the 1990s, the CAF's Minnesota Wing began restoring a P-51 that many branches of the CAF organization had attempted to restore but found the task beyond their capabilities. The P-51C once served Capt. Andrew "Jug" Turner. [13] Pilot Don Hinz, a retired United States Navy commander based at Fleming Field in South St. Paul, Minnesota, heard of the project and enlisted some experts as well as named the effort "The Red Tail Project".

Originally, the restoration was attempted at Fleming Field. [14] After soliciting the assistance of outside contractors from North Dakota, the aircraft was airborne in May 2001. The P-51C, which was named "Tuskegee Airmen", [15] was included in numerous air shows to tell the history of the pilot group. [16] [17] From May 2001 to May 2004, the aircraft flew before more than an estimated three million people. [18] By 2004, Hinz envisioned an educational program based on the restored aircraft. In a May 2004 show in Red Wing, Minnesota the camshaft drive of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine failed. Although Hinz successfully landed the aircraft between two houses in a residential suburb, both wings were ripped off and the body was badly damaged. [3] A tree damaged in the crash fell on Hinz, causing head trauma from which he did not recover. [19] [20] [21]

The Tuskegee Airmen decided to restore the aircraft. The five-year restoration occurred at Tri-State Aviation in Wahpeton, North Dakota. [22] In 2007, Gerry Beck, one of the primary restorers, was in a fatal collision of his P-51A and a P-51D during AirVenture 2007. [10] [23] Beck was the owner of Tri-State Aviation, but about a half dozen other CAF volunteer aviation mechanics contributed to the effort to pick up where he left off. [10] [11] The rebuilding continued with the mounting of the engine in 2008 and the mating of the wing in 2009. On 22 July 2009, [12] four days before AirVenture 2009 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, the P-51C had its first flight. Then, it was flown to Wisconsin for its public debut. After the show it returned to Minnesota with a 6 AT-6 escort. [24] The aircraft has also served a tribute via military flyovers for fallen Tuskegee Airmen. [25]

In 2011, the volunteer-driven organization changed its name from the "Red Tail Project" to the "CAF Red Tail Squadron" and also completed construction of the RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit as an additional tool to help tell the story of these pilots and their support personnel (who are also known as Tuskegee Airmen). The Mustang and the RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit appear together at air shows, and the Traveling Exhibit also goes to schools and other youth-oriented venues. [26]

Documentary

P-51 in a heritage flight over Langley Air Force Base P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg
P-51 in a heritage flight over Langley Air Force Base

After the 2004 crash, the restoration became the impetus for a nationwide fund raising effort and attracted the attention of Adam White, an independent film maker who was, at the time, filming a documentary on vintage aircraft restoration called The Restorers . He was attracted to both the aircraft and the cause, and his 2007 historical documentary, Red Tail Reborn won Emmy Award recognition in his home state of Ohio, where it was first broadcast in February 2007, and, subsequently released on DVD in March of that year. [27] [28] Narrated by Michael Dorn of Star Trek fame, himself a pilot and warbird owner, the film documents the difficulties of the restoration of the P-51C and the travails of the Tuskegee Airmen. The following year PBS picked up the film in its Black History Month programming. [11] White also completed a sequel, Flight of the Red Tail , a 12-minute film released in 2009. [29]

The restoration, completed in 2009, cost $1 million. [30] In 2005, the Red Tail Project, which is not for profit, [31] sought to raise about $2 million to fund the initial restoration. [32] The organization held several types of events to raise funds. [33] Since then, community-based organizations adopted the project. [34] For example, in Wahpeton, North Dakota, where the aircraft was restored, each August, the "Red Tail Run" is held. This motorcycle and vehicle run, which starts at the Harry Stern Airport, raises money for the project. [35] [36] In 2008, the organization hired Fund Raising Strategies, a fund raising specialist firm, to develop a direct mail fund raising program. [37]

Educational resources

The CAF Red Tail Squadron endeavors to preserve the legacy of the airmen through aviation education. [38] In addition to the P-51C Mustang Tuskegee Airmen the Squadron RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit, utilized for tours and private showings for schools and groups around the country, the Squadron curates and provides educational resources for interested persons. These resources include a "Virtual Museum" which is an online repository of items belonging to or used by Tuskegee Airmen, including a catalogue of public memorials and artwork. [39]

The "RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit" was introduced at EAA AirVenture 2011. It consists of a 53-foot (16.2 m) long semi trailer and tractor. The trailer, which has colorful graphics on all four sides, has expandable sides and houses a 40-foot (12.2 m) long, curved IMAX movie screen plus comfortable seating for 30 guests; it is also climate controlled. An original IMAX movie called RISE ABOVE, developed and filmed specifically for the Red Tail Squadron and the unique movie screen, is shown. [40] The traveling exhibit goes to air shows with the Red Tail Project Mustang and spends 40 weeks per year at schools and places where young people congregate. The idea is to take the story of the Tuskegee Airmen, and how they overcame so many obstacles by setting goals and working to meet them, directly to the students who can benefit from hearing about the Airmen's experiences. The RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit is sponsored by the Texas Flying Legends Museum. [41]

Related Research Articles

The Tuskegee Airmen was a group of primarily African American military pilots and airmen who fought in World War II. They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group (Medium) of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks, and other support personnel. The Tuskegee airmen received praise for their excellent combat record earned while protecting American bombers from enemy fighters. The group was awarded three Distinguished Unit Citations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commemorative Air Force</span> Nonprofit organization for preserving aircraft

The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), formerly known as the Confederate Air Force, is an American non-profit organization based in Dallas, Texas, that preserves and shows historical aircraft at airshows, primarily in the U.S. and Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles W. Dryden</span> American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1920–2008)

Charles Walter Dryden was a U.S. Army Air Force officer and one of the original combat fighter pilots with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, a component of the Tuskegee Airmen. Among the United States' first eight African American combat fighter pilots, Dryden is notable as a member of the Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS)'s Class Number SE-42-C, the program's 2nd-ever aviation cadet program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Archer (pilot)</span> Tuskegee Airman fighter Ace (1919–2010)

Lee Andrew Archer, Jr. was an African American fighter Ace in the 332nd Fighter Group, commonly known as the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II. He was one of the first African American military aviators in the United States Army Air Corps, the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force, eventually earning the rank of lieutenant colonel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milton Crenchaw</span> American Tuskegee Airman aviator (1919–2015)

Milton Pitts Crenchaw was an American aviator who served with the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II and was the first Arkansan to be trained by the federal government as a civilian licensed pilot. He served during World War II as a civilian flight instructor. He was one of the two original supervising squadron members. In 1998 he was inducted into the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame. The grandson of a slave, he was known as the "father of black aviation in Arkansas" who broke through color barriers in the military.

<i>Red Tails</i> 2012 war film directed by Anthony Hemingway

Red Tails is a 2012 American war film directed by Anthony Hemingway in his feature directorial debut, and starring Terrence Howard and Cuba Gooding Jr. The film is about the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African-American United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) servicemen during World War II. The characters in the film are fictional, although based on real individuals. The film was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and released by 20th Century Fox, and would be the last film Lucasfilm released before being purchased by The Walt Disney Company nine months later. This was Cuba Gooding Jr.'s first theatrically released film in five years since his starring role in 2007's Daddy Day Camp.

<i>Red Tail Reborn</i> 2007 film

Red Tail Reborn is a 2007 historical documentary film by Adam White about the Commemorative Air Force's Red Tail Project. The project involves the restoration, exhibition and maintenance of a World War II P-51 Mustang flown by the United States Air Force 332d Fighter Group. The exhibition of this plane is considered to be a traveling and flying tribute to the Tuskegee Airmen. In addition to increasing awareness of the travails of the Tuskegee Airmen, this film served to highlight the Red Tail Project fundraising effort to rebuild the plane after a 2004 crash.

<i>Flight of the Red Tail</i> 2009 American film

Flight of the Red Tail is a 2009 historical documentary film by Adam White about the Red Tail Project's successful return to flight of a World War II P-51 Mustang. The plane had been originally flown by the United States Air Force 332d Fighter Group as a bomber escort for the Allied Forces in the European Theatre of World War II and serves as a travelling and flying tribute to the Tuskegee Airmen. It had become inoperable during a 2004 crash after having been restored for exhibition flying once before in 2001. The Red Tail Project is a part of the Commemorative Air Force. The film is a sequel to Red Tail Reborn which brought attention to the attempt to relaunch of the plane after the 2004 crash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Hardy (Tuskegee Airman)</span> USAAF pilot (born 1925)

George Hardy is an American retired pilot and military officer. In World War II Hardy served with the Tuskegee Airmen and flew 21 combat missions. In the Korean War he flew 45 combat mission as the pilot of a bomber. In the Vietnam War Hardy flew 70 combat missions piloting an AC-119K gunship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Gorham</span> Tuskegee Airman (1920–2009)

2nd Lt. Alfred M. Gorham (1920–2009) (POW) was a Tuskegee Airman from Waukesha, Wisconsin. He was the only Tuskegee Airman from Wisconsin, and he was a prisoner of war after his plane went down over Munich, Germany in World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James H. Harvey</span> American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (born 1923)

James Henry Harvey III is a retired United States Army Air Corps/United States Air Force (USAF) officer and former African American fighter pilot who served with 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails", or among enemy German pilots, Schwartze Vogelmenschen. He is one of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alva Temple</span> Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1917–2004)

LTC Alva Newte Temple was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron and 300th Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or among enemy German pilots, “Schwartze Vogelmenschen”. He was one of the 1007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold Brown (Tuskegee Airman)</span> Fighter pilot and Tuskegee Airmen POW (1924–2023)

Harold H. Brown was a U.S. Army Air Force officer who served during World War II as a combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen. Brown's P-51C aircraft was shot down in the European Theatre of World War II and he became a prisoner of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lincoln Hudson</span> American fighter pilot (1916–1988)

Lincoln T. Hudson was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, World War II fighter pilot, Prisoner of War in Nazi Germany, and a corporate executive. During World War II, Hudson served in the all-African-American 332nd Fighter Group's 301st Fighter Squadron, best known as the all-African American combat fighter pilot group, the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or among enemy German pilots, “Schwartze Vogelmenschen”.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George J. Iles</span> United States military officer and fighter pilot (1918–2004)

George Jewell Iles was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, former World War II Prisoner of War in Nazi Germany, and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew D. Turner</span> American military officer and fighter pilot

Andrew D. Turner was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) and a fighter pilot and commanding officer of the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group's 100th Fighter Squadron, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or among enemy German pilots, “Schwartze Vogelmenschen”.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles DeBow</span> American fighter pilot

Charles DeBow was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Force and combat fighter pilot and commanding officer of the 332nd Fighter Group's 301st Fighter Squadron, best known as the prodigious, all-African American Tuskegee Airmen. He was one of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willie H. Fuller</span> American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1919–1995)

Willie Howell Fuller was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer, combat fighter pilot, and combat flight instructor with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Pursuit Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails". He was the first black flight instructor for the single engine planes at Tuskegee. He was the only black flight instructor until December 1944. He was one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots. He flew 76 combat missions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward C. Gleed</span> US Army Air Force officer with Buffalo Soldiers (1916–1990)

Edward Creston Gleed was an U.S. Army Air Force officer with the famed Buffalo Soldiers/9th Cavalry Regiment, 332nd Fighter Group’s operations officer, and combat fighter pilot with the 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He was one of the more prominent members of Tuskegee Airmen's ninth-ever aviation cadet program, as well as one of 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots. His classmates included Robert B. Tresville, West Point's seventh African American graduate and the 100th Fighter Squadron's Commanding Officer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Alonzo Walker</span> American Tuskegee Airmen aviator (1918–2004)

James Alonzo Walker was an American aviator from Manning, South Carolina who served as a Tuskegee Airman during World War II. He flew more than 102 missions in the European Theatre of WWII, and was shot down in action over Serbia at the time occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia by Third Reich ( Germany). He was saved in Halyard Mission known in Serbian as in July 1944t, by Chetniks and general Dragoljub Draža Mihailović. He served in the military until 1964. He became the first African American commander of an integrated unit in 1950.

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Harden, Mike (5 May 1999). "Not One To Take 'No' For An Answer, Bill Watkins Walks Again". The Columbus Dispatch, May 5, 1999. p. 01E. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  2. ↑ Harrison, Christine. "Historic homecoming for Tuskegee Airmen as site opens". Air Force Historical Research Agency, 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  3. 1 2 Brooks 2005, p. 43.
  4. ↑ Wilkinson, Jennifer (15 December 1997). "Central Students Relate To Airmen". Telegraph Herald, December 15, 1997. p. A1. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  5. ↑ Evans, Ben. "Tuskegee Airmen awarded Congressional Gold Medal". Associated Press.
  6. ↑ Darran, Simon (4 May 2006). "Legendary Black Pilots Saluted For Exploits, Heroism In WWII". The Miami Herald . p. 1B. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  7. ↑ Majeski, Tom (7 August 1999). "Aviation Expo Features Famous Pilot//Tibbets Flew B-29 Carrying A-Bomb". St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 7, 1999. p. 1C. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  8. ↑ "Report: Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers". Montgomery, Alabama: USA Today. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 Red Tail Reborn , 2007, Hemlock Films.
  10. 1 2 3 Ferraro, Nick (6 August 2009). "History Soars Again – A Rebuilt WWII Airplane Carries The Memory OF Pilot Donald Hinz And The Story Of The Tuskegee Airmen". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. B1. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 Hevern, Erin C (12 February 2008). "'Red Tail Reborn' to air on PBS Feb. 14". The Daily News (North Dakota). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  12. 1 2 "Page 2 Read: CAF P-51C Tuskegee Airmen is airborne again". The Odessa American . 29 July 2009. p. A2. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  13. ↑ Hockaday, Laura R (23 August 1998). "Bride and groom pilot a new course". The Kansas City Star . p. H9. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  14. ↑ Ngo, Nancy (8 August 1999). "Flying Together//During World War II, Black Pilots Called The Tuskegee Airmen Saved Many Lives. Now, The Airmen Are Being Recognized At A Local Aviation Expo For Their Service". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. 1B. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  15. ↑ "Region News: WWII plane returns: A re stored World War II airplane is returning to its hangar in South St. Paul today after a five-year absence". Grand Forks Herald . 5 August 2009. p. A8. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  16. ↑ Harris, Hamil R (17 May 2003). "Tuskegee Airmen Now Look to Future – Organization of Pioneer Black Pilots Hopes to Inspire a New Generation". Washington Post . p. B3. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  17. ↑ "Prescott prepares for air fair to celebrate centennial of flight". Green Valley News & Sun. 15 August 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  18. ↑ Doss, Robert (22 August 2008). "Red Tail Project takes flight again". Palos Verdes Peninsula News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  19. ↑ Bjorhus, Jennifer (30 May 2004). "Woodbury Pilot Crashes – 60-Year-Old's Injuries Critical After Rare WWII Plane Faces Trouble". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. B3. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  20. ↑ McKinney, Matt (31 May 2004). "Pilot in air show crash dies – He avoided striking any homes". Star Tribune . p. 1B. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  21. ↑ Pattison, Kermit (31 May 2004). "Air Show Pilot Dies Of Crash Injuries – Donald Hinz Had Restored Mustang Fighter He Was Flying". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. B1. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  22. ↑ Walsh, Paul (5 August 2009). "Plane used to tell the story of Tuskegee Airmen is back". Star Tribune . p. 3B. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  23. ↑ Hevern, Erin C (2 January 2008). "Beck honored by N.D. Aviation Hall of Fame". The Daily News (North Dakota). p. B1. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  24. ↑ Ferraro, Nick (6 August 2009). "History Soars Again – A Rebuilt WWII Airplane Carries The Memory Of Pilot Donald Hinz And The Story Of The Tuskegee Airmen". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. B1. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  25. ↑ "Tuskegee Airman Vernon Hopson services scheduled". Nashville Pride . 11 September 2009. p. 1B, 7B. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  26. ↑ Hicks, Autumn (15 June 2011). "CAF Red Tail Project Becomes the CAF Red Tail Squadron As: It Soars to New Educational Heights" (PDF). Commemorative Air Force. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Washington, Julie E (10 February 2007). "Contract issues led Monday away from Channel 3". The Plain Dealer . p. E1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  28. ↑ Larsen, Dave (16 March 2007). "WSU Graduate's Tuskegee Airmen Documentary To Get Dayton Launch". Dayton Daily News . p. GO29. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  29. ↑ Nolan, John (29 October 2009). "Local headlines". Dayton Daily News . p. A11. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  30. ↑ Walsh, Paul (5 August 2009). "Plane used to tell the story of Tuskegee Airmen is back". Star Tribune . p. 3B. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  31. ↑ Bykofsky, Stu (29 May 2008). "The legendary Red Tails flew us into a new world". Philadelphia Daily News . p. 06. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  32. ↑ Bonner, Brian (26 May 2005). "Pilot's Dream Adopted – Don Hinz Died Before He Could Restore Tuskegee Era Mustang". St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. B1. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  33. ↑ "Cirrus owners help historic effort". Duluth News-Tribune . 7 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  34. ↑ "3 accused in killing face another police lineup". The Miami Herald . 13 January 2007. p. 2B. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  35. ↑ Hevern, Erin C. (26 August 2009). "Join the Red Tail Run, support cause". The Daily News (North Dakota). Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  36. ↑ Johnson, Jennifer (25 August 2009). "Run benefits memory of Airmen, Beck". The Daily News (North Dakota). Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  37. ↑ "Tuskegee Airmen Group Selects FRS". PR Newswire. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  38. ↑ Doss, Robert (24 August 2008). "Red Tail Project takes flight again". Palos Verdes Peninsula News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  39. ↑ "CAF's Red Tail Squadron Grows Virtual Museum". Flying Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  40. ↑ Tillman 2012, p. 27.
  41. ↑ "Commemorative Air Force & Texas Flying Legends Museum: Join Forces to 'Rise Above'". Archived 2022-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Texas Flying Legends Museum, 27 April 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
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