Richard Reames

Last updated
Richard Reames in 2016.jpg
Richard Reames in 2016
Born (1957-09-20) September 20, 1957 (age 66)
OccupationArborsculptor, nursery owner, writer
LanguageEnglish
Genre Horticulture
Subject Arborsculpture
Literary movement Environmental art, Environmental humanities
Notable worksHow to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary with Barbara Delbol (1995)
Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet (2005)
SpouseMaya Many Moons Reames
ChildrenMyray Reames
Website
arborsmith.com
Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg  Literatureportal
Peace in Cherry, Spring 2002 Peace in cherry spring 2002.jpg
Peace in Cherry, Spring 2002

Richard C. Reames (born September 20, 1957) is an American artist, arborsculptor, nurseryman, writer, and public speaker. He lives and works in Williams, Oregon. [1]

Contents

Reames coined the word "arborsculpture" to describe the art of shaping living tree trunks and woody plants into sculptural forms, furniture and shelters. [2] [3] [4] : 24  His writing and artistic practice are grounded in ecological principles of living in harmony with nature and with creating living structures from trees. [5] He has written two books on arborsculpture and tree shaping.

Reames was appointed, in 2005, as the "international arborsculpture coordinator" for the World Expo's Growing Village in Aichi, Japan; [6] his work was also exhibited there. [5]

Biography

Richard Reames was born in 1957. [7] He grew up near Santa Cruz, California, which is within ten miles of Axel Erlandson’s famed "Circus Trees," known at that time as The Lost World, a mid-century roadside attraction. [2]

Reames's mother showed him the value of working with nature including vegetable gardening. Reames studied horticulture, biology, botany and log-house building in college, however the structure of the educational establishment did not appeal to him. [7] [8] He traveled the country by hitchhiking or by road-tripping in a 1969 Chevy van for over a decade. Throughout this time he worked as an itinerant landscaper. Reames has stated "I was volunteer homeless. A real gypsy." [7] During the times he was not on road trips, he made a living selling wild herbs and mushrooms he foraged through his knowledge of wildcrafting. [2]

In 1991, he met Maya Many Moons in southwest Oregon. They settled down in Williams, Oregon near the border of Klamath National Forest, where they bought land in cooperation with another couple. Over a period of three years he constructed an octagonal two-story log house, 24 feet in diameter, using dead standing trees and native stone for the foundation. [8] [4] Reames and Many Moons have a daughter named Myray Reames. [4] [7] [9] During this time he founded Arborsmith Studios. [2]

Work

Reames uses basic tools and ancient grafting techniques to produce his works of arborsculpture, furniture and functional objects. His work involves the time-based processes of bending, pruning, grafting, and multiple plantings that are similar to those used in bonsai but most closely related to espalier. [5]

In an interview with Joshua Foer in Cabinet Magazine, Reames describes some of the ecological principles behind his work as being grounded in a desire to teach others ways to live in harmony with trees and therefore with nature. He is interested in ecological advantages of working with trees such as erosion control, carbon dioxide sequestration, food sources, habitat creation for wildlife, and climate change mitigation. [5]

One of his primary inspirations was the work of Axel Erlandson, and his Tree Circus, and John Krubsack, known for his Living Chair. [7] In 1993, with Erlandson in mind, he started Arborsmith Studios, a tree nursery and outdoor art studio. [4] [7] Other influences include the 18th century Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg, the 19th century Austrian mystic, Jakob Lorber, and modern pioneers of arborsculptural tree shaping such as Arthur Wiechula among others. [5] Reames was also intrigued with the organic architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, whose work "bring[s] nature into the house." [7]

Ash Rings arborsculpture, in July 2021 Arborsculpture ash rings.jpg
Ash Rings arborsculpture, in July 2021

In 2000, together with the people of the town of Jōkōji, Japan, he and John Gathright planted 1100 trees, which, combined with existing trees, created the "Laughing Happy Tree Park." The environmental installation included a living tree house with living furniture. [4]

Some of his arborsculptures were exhibited at the Growing Village Pavilion of the World Expo 2005 in Nagakute, Aichi, Japan. [10] The producer and organizer of the project was John Gathright. [11] [12] [13] Reames participated as a team member of the Growing Village Pavilion, [14] [9] and in 2005, he was appointed the international arborsculpture coordinator, overseeing the work of artists from several countries. [6]

Reames has lectured internationally on arborsculpture, [14] and gives live demonstrations of bending and weaving a chair at garden shows, fairs and folk art festivals throughout the U.S. [7] [5] [15] [16]

Reames, like the artist Konstantin Kirsch, has been exploring sustainable, living architecture using tree branches to form latticeworks that can be trained and designed into cylindrical, multi-room dwellings. These botanical domes or self-growing treehouses can form a sustainable abode that grows fruit and other edible foods, and can also utilize waste within a closed-loop system. [17] The German language book, Lebende Bauten - trainierbare Tragwerke (Living buildings - trainable structures) features a chapter on Reames. [18]

After the publication of his first book, How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary (1995), he was invited to create site-specific arborsculptures by various clients, who he then mentors on the care of the living installations. His arborsculptures have been created in gardens throughout the West Coast. [7]

In 2023, Reames worked with a group of 40 others to plant a Sequoia-Sanctuary a major work of land art in the Pacifica Preserve in Oregon, in the form of a circle of 114 sequoia seedling trees, three-feet apart, in a 100-foot diameter. When fully grown the environmental sculpture will create a 7,000 square-foot "sanctuary" space of intertwined branches. The variety of sequoia seedlings that were planted are the endangered Sequoiadendron giganteum, giant sequoia which can live as long as 3,000 years. [19]

Arborsculpture

Arborsculpture of peace and love, in 2016 Arborsculpture of peace and love.jpg
Arborsculpture of peace and love, in 2016

In 1995, Reames coined the word "arborsculpture" to describe tree-trunk sculptural modifications as art. [5] The word has since been used by several writers, creative practitioners and scholars. [20] [21] [22] [23] Arborsculpture has also been called "arbor sculpture" [8] and "arborisculpture". In French it is known as l'arborisculpture), [24] [25] and in German arborsculpture is known as Baumplastiken. [18] Reames refers to the use of arborsculpture to produce architectural structures or dwellings as "arbortecture", [5] it has also been called "arborarchitecture" by Olga O. Smolina who has written on arborsculpture and on Reames. [26] [20] Arbortecture is called Baumarchitektur in German. [18] [20] [27]

Reames uses arborsculptural tree bending and shaping techniques to create his work and also uses the horticultural and arboricultural techniques of ring barking, approach grafting, pruning, and framing, in various combinations, to craft his artworks and functional objects. [4] [28]

Reames has described his arborsculpture tree shaping practice: [29]

Arborsculpture is a unique art form that has been called the ultimate branch of topiary with the potential to save the environment. There are other words and terms that are used to describe this art. Pleaching, grafting, permaculture, tree trunk topiary, botanical art, botanical architecture, biotechture, living art, visionary art, and really weird.

— Richard Reames

When making architectural arborsculptures such as fences, Reames prefers using the diamond pattern, a structurally sound design. This technique has been used by traditional Belgian fence crafters however Reames creates a tighter diamond grid by planting the trees closer together to keep certain wildlife such as deer out of an area. He has also made gazebos and a Fruit Room; the latter was created by espaliering together apple, plum, cherry and pear trees. Another arbortectural project is his Living House, a 22-foot diameter dwelling created from 77 alder trees planted 11 inches apart, intentionally based on multiples of elevens. [8]

Process and technique

Birch Window Frame arborsculpture, September 2006 Birch 2006.jpg
Birch Window Frame arborsculpture, September 2006

On Reames' property in Oregon, there are a dozen nursery beds, each of which are between 100 and 200 feet long, constructed in a configuration to optimize their orientation to the sun. The beds are filled with thousands of tree saplings, which he refers to as "art supplies." Saplings are transplanted from November to March, the dormant season for working with bare-root trees. In winter through early spring, the tree trunks are sculpted by bending, weaving and twisting as this is the time of year they are most pliable. The young trees are then attached to a metal or wood support structure until they are mature enough to retain their shape without support. [8]

History of arborsculptural practices

The medieval and post-medieval English scholar, Kathleen Kelly, identifies both modern and medieval examples of arborsculptures. In her paper, Anthophilia and the Medieval Ecologies of Grafting, she cites the work of Axel Erlandson as exemplary of "extreme grafting as art" to produce "astonishing arborsculptures". [30] She also places a painting from circa 1410, Paradiesgärtlein (The Littile Garden of Paradise) by Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins an unknown medieval painter who is also known as the Upper Rhenish Master, as an example of aesthetic inarched grafting of tree trunks. The painting, which is in the collection of the Städel Museum, depicts Dorothea of Caesarea, the patron saint of gardeners, picking fruit from a tree. [30] [31]

The science journalist James Nestor writes that "Arborsculpture is the art of shaping living trees into furniture, sculpture, and shelters. Part grazing and grafting, pleaching and patience, it exists in the shady area between landscaping, gardening, and furniture design." [1] Nestor states that arborsculpture can be traced back to a 16th-century illuminated manuscript painting by Jean Perréal, La Complainte de Nature à l'Alchimiste Errant (The Lament of Nature to the Wandering Alchemist) that depicts a lavish "living chair". Reames' interpretation of the painting is that the angel is criticizing the alchemist for attempting to make gold out of lead, when nature herself can make fruit out of dirt. [18]

In the book, Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate Connections to Trees, the author Nalini M. Nadkarni, an ecosystem ecologist, wrote that gardeners who practice arborsculpture have "vision, patience, and humor" and names Axel Erlandson as the "grand old man of arborsculpture." [32]

Sustainable design applications

Reames believes that "arbortecture" is the future of arborsculpture. [1] Arbotecture is a viable green alternative in urban design. [33] According to Reames, arbor-architects (Baumarchitekten) can design and build energy-efficient structures that have a reciprocal "exchange with the natural environment" and that these dwellings should be planned specifically for a location and environment. He has stated that he believes that the natural environment should enter into the house, and the interior of the building can extend outdoors. [18] Alison Gillespie writes in her article, Taking treehouses to a whole new level in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, that arborsculpture is not a new practice but when combined with aeroponics it can be used for sustainable design applications. [34]

Publications

In 1995, Reames published the book How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary with Barbara Delbol co-authoring. [35] [36] The book details his process of shaping trees to create chairs, benches fences, and other structures. [28] [37]

In 2005, Reames published the book Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet, that describes the history of tree and woody plant shaping, and elaborates on a selection of practitioners in the field of tree shaping. [4] [38]

Reames has written for Compass Magazine in the March/April 2006 issue. [9] [ dead link ]

Reception

Reames' books have been called "reference books" by Vallas and Courard in the journal, Frontiers of Architectural Research. The authors go on to state that Reames has "inspired many architects," [23]

His book, Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet was reviewed in the Utne Reader . [39]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i> Species of tree found in North America

Sequoiadendron giganteum, also known as the giant sequoia, giant redwood or Sierra redwood is a coniferous tree, classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae. Giant sequoia specimens are the most massive trees on Earth. They occur naturally only in groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topiary</span> Horticulture practice to shape trees and shrubs

Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. As an art form it is a type of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, topiarius, a creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans also applied to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cupressaceae</span> Cypress family of conifers

Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera, which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expo 2005</span> World expo held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan

Expo 2005 was a world expo held for 185 days between Friday, March 25 and Sunday, September 25, 2005, in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. Japan has also hosted Expo '70 Osaka, Expo '75 Okinawa, Expo '85 Tsukuba, and Expo '90 Osaka and will host Expo 2025 Osaka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Espalier</span> Pruning/tying branches to flat structure

Espalier is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been shaped in this way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental art</span> Genre of art engaging nature and ecology

Environmental art is a range of artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works. Environmental art has evolved away from formal concerns, for example monumental earthworks using earth as a sculptural material, towards a deeper relationship to systems, processes and phenomena in relationship to social concerns. Integrated social and ecological approaches developed as an ethical, restorative stance emerged in the 1990s. Over the past ten years environmental art has become a focal point of exhibitions around the world as the social and cultural aspects of climate change come to the forefront.

This is an alphabetical index of articles related to gardening.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tree shaping</span> Use of living trees to create structures and art

Tree shaping uses living trees and other woody plants as the medium to create structures and art. There are a few different methods used by the various artists to shape their trees, which share a common heritage with other artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some similar techniques. Most artists use grafting to deliberately induce the inosculation of living trunks, branches, and roots, into artistic designs or functional structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axel Erlandson</span> Farmer and Tree shaping artist

Axel Erlandson was a Swedish American farmer who shaped trees as a hobby, and opened a horticultural attraction in 1947 called "The Tree Circus", advertised with the slogan "See the World's Strangest Trees Here".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fab Tree Hab</span> Hypothetical Concept of ecological home design

The Fab Tree Hab is a hypothetical ecological home design developed at MIT in the early 2000s by Mitchell Joachim, Javier Arbona and Lara Greden. With the idea of easing the burden humanity places on the environment with conventional housing by growing "living, breathing" tree homes.

Stephen C. Sillett is an American botanist specializing in old growth forest canopies. As the first scientist to enter the redwood forest canopy, he pioneered new methods for climbing, exploring, and studying tall trees. Sillett has climbed many of the world's tallest trees to study the plant and animal life residing in their crowns and is generally recognized as an authority on tall trees, especially redwoods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Perréal</span> French painter

Jean Perréal -- sometimes called Peréal, Johannes Parisienus or Jean De Paris -- was a successful portraitist for French Royalty in the first half of the 16th century, as well as an architect, sculptor and limner of illuminated manuscripts. He was active mostly in France and in Italy and London as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleaching</span> Interwoven branches to form a hedge, fence or lattice

Pleaching or plashing is a technique of interweaving living and dead branches through a hedge creating a fence, hedge or lattices. Trees are planted in lines, and the branches are woven together to strengthen and fill any weak spots until the hedge thickens. Branches in close contact may grow together, due to a natural phenomenon called inosculation, a natural graft. Pleach also means weaving of thin, whippy stems of trees to form a basketry effect.

Living sculpture is any type of sculpture that is created with living, growing grasses, vines, plants or trees. It can be functional and/or ornamental. There are several different types of living sculpture techniques, including topiary, sod works, tree shaping and mowing and crop art. Most living sculpture technique requires horticultural skills, such as grafting or pruning, to create the art.

Moses Richard Schultz was an American furniture designer. He was responsible for several iconic and notable creations in the 1950s–1990s through his firm Richard Schultz Design, Inc..

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Green Cathedral</span>

The Green Cathedral or De Groene Kathedraal located near Almere in the Netherlands, is an artistic planting of Lombardy poplars that mimics the size and shape of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, France. The Green Cathedral is 150 m (490 ft) long and 75 m (246 ft) wide, and the mature poplar trees are about 30 m (98 ft) tall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur Wiechula</span> Tree shaping theorist

Arthur Wiechula was a German landscape engineer. His marriage to Lydia Lindnau, produced three children, Margarethe (1895), Max (1897) and Ernst (1900).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Cattle</span> British furniture designer and Tree shaping artist

Christopher Cattle is a British furniture designer who has developed a process of growing furniture by shaping living trees. Cattle calls his work GrownUp Furniture but it is also known as Grown Furniture.

Full Grown is a UK company that grows trees into chairs, sculptures, lamps, mirror frames and tables. It was co-founded by Gavin Munro in 2005.

There are various methods of tree shaping. There are strengths and weaknesses to each method as well commendable tree species for each process. Some of these processes are still experimental, whereas others are still in the research stage. These methods use a variety of horticultural and arboricultural techniques to achieve an intended design. Chairs, tables, living spaces and art may be shaped from growing trees. Some techniques used are unique to a particular practice, whereas other techniques are common to all, though the implementation may be for different reasons. These methods usually start with an idea of the intended outcome. Some practitioners start with detailed drawings or designs. Other artists start with what the tree already has. Each method has various levels of involvement from the tree shaper.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nestor, James (27 February 2009). "Branching Out". Dwell. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kreiger, Kathy (21 March 1996). "Grow Your Own: Twisting Trees into Furniture". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reames, Richard (2005). Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet. Oregon: Arborsmith Studios. ISBN   0-9647280-8-7.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Foer, Joshua; Reames, Richard (Winter 2005–2006). "How to grow a chair: An interview with Richard Reames - The Roots of Arborsculpture". Cabinet Magazine. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  5. 1 2 May, John (Spring–Summer 2005). "The Growing Village: A World of Arborsculpture". TreeNews Journal of the Tree Council (United Kingdom).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cole, Jamie (6 December 2012), Life and Limbs: For arborsmith Richard Reames, art is quite literally alive, MyFarmLife
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Ockenga, Starr (2001). Eden on Their Minds: American Gardeners with Bold Visions. New York, NY: Clarkson Potter Publishers. pp. 108–117. ISBN   0-609-60587-9.
  8. 1 2 3 Arborsmith, Biography of Richard Reames Archived 2010-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Amoroso, Meghan (Autumn 2005). "A House of the Trees". American Forests. 111 (3). Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  10. ↑ "Team Members - John Gathright". Growing Village Pavilion - Expo 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  11. ↑ Harris, John (29 March 2005). "Fair Puts the Spotlight on the Planet's Environmental Problems". The Asian Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  12. ↑ "Laughing Happy Tree Park finds new home at Expo 2005". Growing Village Pavillion. Expo 2005 Aichi Japan. Archived from the original on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  13. 1 2 "Team Member - Richard Reames". Welcome to Growing Village. Expo 2005 Aichi Japan. Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  14. ↑ "Arbor Sculpture: "If you like I'll grow you a mirror"" (PDF), The Cutting Edge; the Newsletter of the Victorian Woodworkers Association, Inc., p. 16, June 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2009, retrieved 2010-05-15
  15. ↑ Speaker announcement for Garden Symposium 2008 in Kansas City, MO
  16. ↑ Winter, Catherine (7 August 2009). "How to Grow Your Own Treehouse". INHABIT. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 de Bruyn, Gerd; Schwertfeger, Hannes (2009). Lebende Bauten - trainierbare Tragwerke. Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag, Kultur und Technik Collection. pp. 149–164. ISBN   9783643104830 . Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  18. ↑ Hall, Shaun (21 February 2023). "Circle of 114 sequoias planted at Pacifica". Page 1, 6A. Daily Courier, Grants Pass.
  19. 1 2 3 Smolina, O.O. (2019). "Variability of approaches to arborsculpture". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 687 (5): 055035. Bibcode:2019MS&E..687e5035S. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/687/5/055035 .
  20. ↑ Mudge, Ken; Janick, Jules; Scofield, Stephen; Goldschinidt, Eliezer E. (2009). "A History of Grafting". Horticultural Reviews. 35: 437–493. doi:10.1002/9780470593776.ch9. ISBN   9780470593776 . Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  21. ↑ Marcinková, Dana (2016). "Greenery as Art-Design in Urban Public Space". Proceedings of the International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Scientists and Arts: 359–366. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  22. 1 2 Vallas, Thomas; Courard, Luc (September 2017). "Using nature in architecture: Building a living house with mycelium and trees". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 6 (3): 318–328. doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2017.05.003 .
  23. ↑ "Arborisculpture". Loterre (scientific terminology database). Loterre Terminologie Subjects (Getty Research Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  24. ↑ Stoops, L. Renee (2013). "Conference Review 8Th Annual Conference, International Phytotechnology Society, Putting Plants to Work, Where We Live, Labor, Breathe, and Play, September 13–16, 2011, Portland, Oregon, USA". International Journal of Phytoremediation. 15 (9): 827–829. Bibcode:2013IJPhy..15..827S. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.764676. PMID   23819278. S2CID   45584331 . Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  25. ↑ Smolina, O.O. Smolina (2020). "Arborarchitecture: Modern Trends". Urban Construction and Architecture. 10 (w): 87–92. doi: 10.17673/Vestnik.2020.02.12 .
  26. ↑ Smolina, O.O. (2020). "Arborsculpture: a promising trend in the interior gardening of buildings". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 962 (3): 032058. Bibcode:2020MS&E..962c2058S. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/962/3/032058 .
  27. 1 2 Reames, Richard; Delbol, Barbara (1995). How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary. Arborsmith Studios. ISBN   0-9647280-0-1.
  28. ↑ "What is Arbor Sculpture". Growing Village. Expo 2005 Aichi Japan. Archived from the original on 2005-03-08. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  29. 1 2 Kelly, Kathleen, Anthophilia and the Medieval Ecologies of Grafting, Scholarly paper presented to the New Chaucer Society, retrieved 1 August 2021
  30. ↑ Gallwitz, Esther (1992). Kleiner Kräutergarten : Kräuter und Blumen bei den Alten Meistern im Städel (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Insel Taschenbuch. ISBN   978-3-458-33120-9.
  31. ↑ Nadkarni, Nalini M. (2008). Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate Connections to Trees. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0520261655. JSTOR   10.1525/j.ctt1pntz0 . Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  32. ↑ Oommen, Ansel (2013). "Arborsculpture: The Artful Science of Tree Shaping". Simply Green Magazine (South Africa) (5): 18–19. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  33. ↑ Gillespie, Allison (October 2008). "Taking Treehouses to a Whole New Level". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 6 (8): 407. JSTOR   20440955 . Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  34. ↑ Foley, Caroline. "Review: How to Grow a Chair - The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary". European Boxwood & Topiary Society. 11 (Summer 2007). Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  35. ↑ Decker, Edith (11 November 1995). "Sculptures grow from twisted past". The World (Coos Bay, Oregon). Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  36. ↑ Hicks, Ivan; Rosenfeld, Richard; Whitworth, Jo (2007), Tricks with Trees, Pavilion Books, p. 123, ISBN   978-1-86205-734-0
  37. ↑ Foley, Caroline (Summer 2007). Book Review: Arborsculpture - Solutions for a Small Planet. Vol. 11. European Boxwood & Topiary Society. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2021-12-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  38. ↑ Dodge, Chris (March 2006). "Book Review: A Living Art - Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet By Richard Reames, Arborsmith Studios". Utne Reader .

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