Ecological art

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Ecological art is an art genre and artistic practice that seeks to preserve, remediate and/or vitalize the life forms, resources and ecology of Earth. Ecological art practitioners do this by applying the principles of ecosystems to living species and their habitats throughout the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including wilderness, rural, suburban and urban locations. [1] [2] Ecological art is a distinct genre from Environmental art in that it involves functional ecological systems-restoration, as well as socially engaged, activist, community-based interventions. [3] Ecological art also addresses politics, culture, economics, ethics and aesthetics as they impact the conditions of ecosystems. [4] Ecological art practitioners include artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who often collaborate on restoration, remediation and public awareness projects. [5] [6] [7] [8]

Contents

Historical precedents

Art historical precedents include environmental art, earthworks, land art, sustainable art, landscape painting, and landscape photography. While historical examples may reach back to neolithic times, according to the history published in the book, Ecovention: current art to transform ecologies, a short list of key works include Herbert Bayer's Grass Mound (1955) at the Aspen Art Institute, Aspen, CO; Joseph Beuys 1962 proposed action to clean up the Elbe River in Hamburg, German; Hans Haacke's 1965 manifesto for time-based, "natural", dynamic indeterminate art; Nicolas Uriburu's 1968 performance "Green Power, coloration Grand Canal – Venice" and Agnes Denes's 1968 performance, Haiku Poetry Burial, Rice Planting and Tree Chaining/Exercises in Eco-Logic, in Sullivan County, New York. [9] [10] [11] [12]

1969 was a watershed year for ecological art practices. Landmark accomplishments include Haacke's Grass Grows in Ithaca, NY; Alan Sonfist's activities articulating the significance of native forests in urban areas; and his action to monitor air quality in New York City. Betty Beaumont documented the clean-up of what was the worst U.S. ocean oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, while Mierle Laderman Ukeles wrote Manifesto for Maintenance Art (Spaid) In 1969, the John Gibson Gallery in New York city mounted the exhibition, Ecologic Art, that included the work of Will Insley, Claes Oldenburg, Christo, Peter Hutchinson, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Morris, Robert Smithson, Carl Andre, Jan Dibbets, and Richard Long. [13]

In 1969–1970, Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison collaborated on mapping endangered species around the world. [14] From 1972 to 1979, Helen and Newton Harrison realize seven projects designed for and about lagoons in California. [15]

In 1971, artist Bonnie Sherk performs Public Lunch with the Animals in the Lion House of the San Francisco Zoo. She went on to found The Farm (also known as Crossroads Community in 1974 in San Francisco. The project involved growing edible crops as environmental sculpture; livestock were also raised there and it also served as a performance art venue and community education center. [16] [17] [18]

The 1972 essay, Art and Ecological Consciousness by György Kepes in his book, Arts of the Environment. [19] presents the genre as distinct from environmental art. In the 1992 exhibition and book, Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists' Interpretations and Solutions, [20] art historian, Dr. Barbara Matilsky differentiates ecological art from environmental art in that the former has ethical underpinnings. [21] In 1993, a workshop and exhibition, specifically about ecological systems and art, was presented by Don Krug, Renee Miller and Barbara Westfall at the Society for Ecological Restoration in Irvine, California. The term ecovention , was coined in 1999 as a conjunction of the words ecology and intervention, in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name curated by Amy Lipton and Sue Spaid, representing artist's projects that use inventive strategies to physically transform a local ecology. In a 2006 UNESCO research report for the Art in Ecology think tank on arts and sustainability, "Mapping the Terrain of Contemporary EcoArt Practice and Collaboration", the artist Beth Carruthers uses the term Ecoart. [22]

A current definition of ecological art drafted collectively by the EcoArt Network of international artists, founded in 1998, is "an art practice that embraces an ethic of social justice in both its content and form/materials. EcoArt is created to inspire caring and respect, stimulate dialogue, and encourage the long-term flourishing of the social and natural environments in which we live. It commonly manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art." [23] [24]

More recently contemporary artists like Parvez M. Taj, Eve Mosher and more embrace ecological art as their medium of expression.

Theories

The 2012 book, Toward Global (Environ)Mental Change – Transformative Art and Cultures of Sustainability, proposes that the global crisis of unsustainability is a disruption of the hardware of civilization, as well as a crisis of the software of the human mind. [25] Art and Climate Change: Separate Bubbles or Mutual Membrane? theorises three key obstacles to environment-oriented change (bad ‘memes’, ‘Radical Inertia’, ‘Framed Questions’) and explores the possible role of eco-art in exposing and dissolving those obstacles. [26] The 2004 book, Ecological aesthetics: art in environmental design: theory and practice, presents an analysis of a variety of tendencies and approaches to landscape architecture, science and theory that inform research and the transformation of the landscape for over thirty years. [27] Green Arts Web, [28] compiled by Carnegie Mellon University senior librarian, Mo Dawley, is a compendium of core readings on contemporary environmental art, ecological art and theory (20th century to the present) that includes, among other sub-categories, for example, [29] deep ecology practices; [30] [31] [32] ecofeminism; [33] [34] [35] ecopsychology; [36] land ethic and bioregionalism; [37] sense of place; [38] [39] [40] and systems thinking. [41] [42]

Principles

Artists considered to be working within this field subscribe to one or more of the following principles: [43]

Approaches

Ecological art involves numerous diverse approaches, including:

Orientations

Contemporary ecological art has been articulated across interdisciplinary and scholarly groups in terms of life-centered issues, community participation, public dialogue, and ecological sustainability. In 1996, the educator and activist Don Krug [62] [ better source needed ] identified concepts frequently addressed by ecological artists that can be used by to interpret ecological perspectives and practices.

The following four orientations were identified: Environmental design, ecological design, ecological restoration, and social restoration.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  2. ↑ Strelow, (Heike (1999). Natural Reality: Artistic Positions Between Nature and Culture/Kunstlerische Positionen Swischen Natur und Kultur. Stuttgart: Ludwig Forum fur Internationale Kunst.
  3. ↑ Bower, Sam. "A Profusion of Terms". GreenMuseum. greenmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
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  56. ↑ Bonacossa, Ilaria (2008). Greenwashing: Environment, Perils, Promises and Perplexities. Tornino: The Bookmakers, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo per l'Arte.
  57. ↑ Gevers, Ine (2013). Yes Naturally: How Art Saves the World. The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam: Niet Normaal Foundation in collaboration with the Gerneentemusuem Den Haag.
  58. ↑ Roybal, Valerie (2005). Water Library (PDF). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN   9780826336750.
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  60. ↑ Rogers, Kendal, ed. (2011). Edge of Life: Forest Pathology. Art. Nacogdoches, Texas: Stephen F. Austin State University Press. ISBN   978-1936205318.
  61. ↑ Spaid, Sue (2012). Green Acres: Artists Farming Fields, Greenhouses and Abandoned Lots. Cincinnati, OH: Contemporary Arts Center, Richard & Lois Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art. ISBN   978-0917562822.
  62. ↑ University of British Columbia, Department of Curriculum & Pedagogy. "Don Krug, Research Interests". UBC Faculty of Education. EDCP. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
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Bibliography

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