Rimicaris kairei

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Rimicaris kairei
Rimicaris kairei (MNHN-IU-2008-16727).jpeg
Rimicaris kairei
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R. kairei

Rimicaris kairei is a species of hydrothermal vent shrimp originally discovered in August 2000 with the ROV Kaiko on the R/V Kairei [1] . They are named for the R/V Kairei and the Kairei hydrothermal vent field on which they were first discovered [2] . They get energy from chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria that live in their gut. [3] They reproduce sexually and have a larval stage in which they consume photosynthetic material. [4] Rimicaris kairei lives on four different hydrothermal vent sites on the Central Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean [2] . They are the most populous invertebrate on these vents. [5] The species is differentiated from other species of Rimicaris Shrimp by a lack of setae, longer flagellar antennae, and less robust pereopods [2] .

Contents

A Rimicaris kairei specimen Rimicaris kairei.jpg
A Rimicaris kairei specimen

Description

Rimicaris kairei have entirely white bodies with blackened branchial chambers, possibly due to their symbiotic bacteria [2] . Their third to fifth pleopods have brown nails [2] . They do not have any eyes or eye stalks. [6] Rimicaris shrimp range from 4 to 5 cm long and generally weigh an average of 1.6 grams. [7] They have smaller pereopods than other species in the genus Rimicaris and lack setae that are present in Rimicaris exoculata [2] . Rimicaris kairei also exhibit longer flagellar antennae than their Atlantic counterparts [2] .

Trophic relationships

Energy sources

Rimicaris kairei have symbiotic bacteria that undergo chemosynthesis. These symbiotic bacteria live in their intestines and manufacture energy by reducing sulfur from hydrothermal vents. [8] Adult Rimicaris kairei get their nutrition from their symbiotes through a direct transfer taking place on the cephalothorax [3] . Larval Rimicaris shrimp feed on photosynthetic organisms in the euphotic zone [4] . These shrimp will crowd as close to the hydrothermal vents as possible to get more food for their chemosynthetic bacteria. Along with being the most populous organisms in their vents they are the most dominant primary consumers [5] . One study found that there were 340 different species of symbiotic bacteria found in Rimicaris kairei individuals, but only 34 that made up more than 1% of the overall bacterial population [8] . Adult individuals have richer, more diverse populations of symbiotic bacteria which would allow them to better survive in their harsh environments.

Importance in trophic webs

Rimicaris kairei are the most dominant primary consumers in the Kairei vent field and Edmond vent field, making their symbiotic bacteria the most important primary producers at these hydrothermal vents [5] . They provide an important source of food for Marianactis anemones and Archinomid polychaete worms [5] . In fact Rimicaris kairei shrimp are the most important part of Marianctis anemone diets, which make up the second most populous group on the Kairei vents and most populous secondary consumer [5] .

Reproduction

Rimicaris shrimp are protogynous and reproduce sexually through internal fertilization [7] . Rimicaris kairei shrimp reproduce during the austral summer, during the same time period as their Atlantic congeneric Rimicaris exoculata. [9] R. Kairei have lower fecundities than other shrimp in the Alvinocarididae family, and their egg sizes are larger than other species in the Alvinocarididae family [9] . This displays the tradeoff of using more energy to produce larger eggs while producing less offspring [9] . Rimicaris kairei shrimp undergo a larval stage where they consume dead photosynthetic organisms that fall through the water column [4] . This larval stage can be elongated and allows them to stray up to 100 meters from a hydrothermal vent [4] . This can explain how they are found in multiple different hydrothermal vent sites along the Central Indian Ridge.

A map of the Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal vents Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal vents map.png
A map of the Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal vents

Distribution

Rimicaris kairei live on hydrothermal vents in the Dodo, Solitaire, Edmond and Kairei vent fields located in the Indian Ocean along the Central Indian Ridge near the Rodrigues Triple Junction [1] , and are generally found at depths of 3000 to 3600 meters [7] . Rodrigues Triple Junction is characterized by active chimneys of the black smoker variety with similar chemical compositions to hydrothermal vents in both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. [10] The Kairei and Edmond hydrothermal vent sites are characterized by high chlorinities and high concentrations of Iron Sulfide. [11] The Dodo and Solitaire hydrothermal vent sites are much closer to the central Indian Ridge spreading center than the Edmond and Kairei vents and have much different fluid chemical compositions. [12] Rimicaris kairei shrimp are present in high numbers and are often the most populous animal on the Edmond and Kairei vent fields, with their highest populations being seen at the Edmond hydrothermal vent system. These shrimp can often be seen crowding hydrothermal vent openings to get closer to their symbiotes' food source [5] . R. kairei shrimp are less populous on the Dodo and Solitaire vent fields, but they are still the most populous invertebrate found at these sites [4] . Populations of Rimicaris kairei shrimp have been found to be genetically identical in all of these vent fields, with data suggesting that larvae from the Edmond vent sites colonize the other three vent sites [4] . Shrimp in the Rimicaris genus were originally thought to have only lived in the Atlantic ocean before they were first discovered in the Kairei vent fields [1] .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ectosymbiosis</span> Symbiosis in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host

Ectosymbiosis is a form of symbiotic behavior in which an organism lives on the body surface of another organism, including internal surfaces such as the lining of the digestive tube and the ducts of glands. The ectosymbiotic species, or ectosymbiont, is generally an immobile organism existing off of biotic substrate through mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism. Ectosymbiosis is found throughout a diverse array of environments and in many different species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent</span> Fissure in a planets surface from which heated water emits

Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspots. The dispersal of hydrothermal fluids throughout the global ocean at active vent sites creates hydrothermal plumes. Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents.

<i>Riftia</i> Giant tube worm (species of annelid)

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m, and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvinocarididae</span> Family of crustaceans

Alvinocarididae is a family of shrimp, originally described by M. L. Christoffersen in 1986 from samples collected by DSV Alvin, from which they derive their name. Shrimp of the family Alvinocarididae generally inhabit deep sea hydrothermal vent regions, and hydrocarbon cold seep environments. Carotenoid pigment has been found in their bodies. The family Alvinocarididae comprises 7 extant genera.

<i>Mirocaris</i> Genus of crustaceans

Mirocaris is a genus of shrimp associated with hydrothermal vents. Sometimes considered the only genus of the family Mirocarididae, Mirocaris is usually placed in the broader family Alvinocarididae. Mirocaris is characterized by a dorsoventrally flattened, non-dentate rostrum, as well as the possession of episodes on the third maxilliped through to the fourth pteropod. The genus contains two species, M. fortunata and M. indica. The two species are found in different oceans, and can be distinguished by the pattern of setation on the claw of the first pereiopod.

<i>Kiwa</i> (crustacean) Genus of crustaceans

Kiwa is a genus of marine decapods living at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The animals are commonly referred to as "yeti lobsters" or "yeti crabs”, after the legendary yeti, because of their "hairy" or bristly appearance. The genus is placed in its own family, Kiwaidae, in the superfamily Chirostyloidea. The genus Kiwa is named after the god of shellfish in Polynesian mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bythograeidae</span> Family of crabs

The Bythograeidae are a small family of blind crabs which live around hydrothermal vents. The family contains 16 species in six genera. Their relationships to other crabs are unclear. They are believed to eat bacteria and other vent organisms. Bythograeidae are a monophyletic, sister taxon of the superfamily Xanthoidea which split to inhabit hydrothermal vents around the Eocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gammaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genus-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. All members of this class are Gram-negative. It is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of the Pseudomonadota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaly-foot gastropod</span> Deep-sea gastropod

Chrysomallon squamiferum, commonly known as the scaly-foot gastropod, scaly-foot snail, sea pangolin, or volcano snail is a species of deep-sea hydrothermal-vent snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Peltospiridae. This vent-endemic gastropod is known only from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, where it has been found at depths of about 2,400–2,900 m (1.5–1.8 mi). C. squamiferum differs greatly from other deep-sea gastropods, even the closely related neomphalines. In 2019, it was declared endangered on the IUCN Red List, the first species to be listed as such due to risks from deep-sea mining of its vent habitat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents</span> Group of Pacific Ocean hydrothermal vents

The Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents are a group of hydrothermal vents in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean, located 260 kilometres (160 mi) southwest of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The vent field lies 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) below sea level on the northern Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In 1982, dredged sulfide samples were recovered from the area covered in small tube worms and prompted a return to the vent field in August 1984, where the active vent field was confirmed by HOV Alvin on leg 10 of cruise AII-112.

<i>Alviniconcha</i> Genus of gastropods

Alviniconcha is a genus of deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Provannidae. These snails are part of the fauna of the hydrothermal vents in the Indian and Western Pacific Ocean. These and another genus and species within the same family are the only known currently existing animals whose nutrition is derived from an endosymbiotic relationship with a member of bacteria from phylum Campylobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria, occurring as endosymbionts within the vacuoles of Alviniconcha ctenidia. All species of Alviniconcha are thought to be foundational species found near hydrothermal venting fluid supplying their bacterial endosymbionts with vent derived compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. These snails can withstand large variations in temperature, pH, and chemical compositions.

<i>Ifremeria</i> Species of gastropod

Ifremeria nautilei is a species of large, deepwater hydrothermal vent sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae, and the only species in the genus Ifremeria. This species lives in the South Pacific Ocean

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zetaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

The class Zetaproteobacteria is the sixth and most recently described class of the Pseudomonadota. Zetaproteobacteria can also refer to the group of organisms assigned to this class. The Zetaproteobacteria were originally represented by a single described species, Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, which is an iron-oxidizing neutrophilic chemolithoautotroph originally isolated from Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount in 1996 (post-eruption). Molecular cloning techniques focusing on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene have also been used to identify a more diverse majority of the Zetaproteobacteria that have as yet been unculturable.

<i>Bathymodiolus thermophilus</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a species of large, deep water mussel, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Mytilidae, the true mussels. The species was discovered at abyssal depths when submersible vehicles such as DSV Alvin began exploring the deep ocean. It occurs on the sea bed, often in great numbers, close to hydrothermal vents where hot, sulphur-rich water wells up through the floor of the Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field</span>

The Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field is located just south of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean, on the north side of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre in the Cayman Trough. Approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Beebe is the Von Damm Vent Field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine microbial symbiosis</span>

Microbial symbiosis in marine animals was not discovered until 1981. In the time following, symbiotic relationships between marine invertebrates and chemoautotrophic bacteria have been found in a variety of ecosystems, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Symbiosis is a way for marine organisms to find creative ways to survive in a very dynamic environment. They are different in relation to how dependent the organisms are on each other or how they are associated. It is also considered a selective force behind evolution in some scientific aspects. The symbiotic relationships of organisms has the ability to change behavior, morphology and metabolic pathways. With increased recognition and research, new terminology also arises, such as holobiont, which the relationship between a host and its symbionts as one grouping. Many scientists will look at the hologenome, which is the combined genetic information of the host and its symbionts. These terms are more commonly used to describe microbial symbionts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</span> Undersea unicellular organisms

The hydrothermal vent microbial community includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around hydrothermal vents. These include organisms in the microbial mat, free floating cells, or bacteria in an endosymbiotic relationship with animals. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at Hydrothermal vents to fix carbon into organic forms. Viruses are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eifuku</span> Two volcanic seamounts in the Northern Marianas

Eifuku and NW Eifuku (北西永福) are two seamounts in the Pacific Ocean. The better known one is NW Eifuku, where an unusual hydrothermal vent called "Champagne" produced droplets of liquid CO
2
. Both seamounts are located in the Northern Marianas and are volcanoes, part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc. NW Eifuku rises to 1,535 metres (5,036 ft) depth below sea level and is a 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) wide volcanic cone.

Yonaguni Knoll IV is a seamount in the Okinawa Trough, east of Taiwan. It lies at about 745 metres (2,444 ft) depth and formed through Quaternary volcanism that yielded dacitic and rhyolitic magmas. The seamount is hydrothermally active, with numerous sites that are colonized by mussels and other marine animals. A submarine underground "lake" of liquid carbon dioxide has been identified at Yonaguni Knoll IV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kairei vent field</span> Hydrothermal vent field in the Indian Ocean

The Kairei vent field is a hydrothermal vent field located in the Indian Ocean at a depth of 2,460 metres (8,070 ft). It is just north of the Rodrigues Triple Junction, approximately 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) east from Madagascar. It is the first hydrothermal field discovered in the Indian Ocean and the first of the series of known vents along the Central Indian Ridge.

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