Romania's political framework is a semi-presidential representative republic where the Prime Minister is the head of government while the President, according to the Constitution, has at least in theory a more symbolic role, is responsible for the foreign policy, signs certain decrees, approves laws promulgated by the parliament, and nominates the head of government. Romania has multi-party system with a dominant two-party system, with legislative power vested in the government and the two chambers of the Parliament, more specifically the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature in theory. From 1948 until 1989, the communist rule political structure took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic governed by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) as its only legal party.
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature.
Parliamentary elections to elect all 151 members of the Croatian Parliament were held on 23 November 2003. They were the fifth parliamentary elections to take place since the first multi-party elections in 1990. Voter turnout was 61.7%. The result was a victory for the opposition Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) which won a plurality of 66 seats, but fell short of the 76 needed to form a government. HDZ chairman Ivo Sanader was named the eighth Prime Minister of Croatia on 23 December 2003, after parliament passed a confidence motion in his government cabinet, with 88 MPs voting in favor, 29 against and 14 abstaining. The ruling coalition going into the elections, consisting of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), Croatian People's Party (HNS), Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), Party of Liberal Democrats (Libra) and the Liberal Party (LS), did not contest the elections as a single bloc; the SDP ran with the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS), the Party of Liberal Democrats (Libra) and the Liberal Party, HNS ran with the Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar (PGS) and the Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party (SBHS), while HSS ran on its own.
The Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania is a political party in Romania which aims to represent the significant Hungarian minority of Romania.
About 9.3% of Romania's population is represented by minorities, and 13% unknown or undisclosed according to 2021 census. The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians and Romani people, with a declining German population and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Turks and Tatars, Armenians, Russians, Afro-Romanians, and others.
Parliamentary elections were held in Romania on 30 November 2008. The Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) won three more seats than PSD in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, although the alliance headed by the Social Democratic Party (PSD) won more votes and a fractionally higher vote share. The two parties subsequently formed a governing coalition with Emil Boc of the PDL as Prime Minister.
Parliamentary elections were held in Romania on 9 December 2012. The Social Liberal Union (USL) co-led by former Prime Minister Victor Ponta won an absolute majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. At the time of the elections, despite the severe weather in several parts of the country, the turnout was approximately 42%, slightly higher than the last parliamentary elections held in 2008 which saw a turnout of 39%.
The Union of Poles of Romania, or Dom Polski, is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Polish community.
The Union of Armenians of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Armenian community.
The Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Czech and Slovak communities.
The Union of the Ukrainians of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Ukrainian community.
The Hellenic Union of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Greek community.
The Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Bulgarian community.
The Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Tatar community.
The Democratic Turkish Union of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Turkish community.
The Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania is an cultural association in Romania representing the Jewish community. The FCER has right to one seat in the Chamber of Deputies.
The Cultural Union of Albanians was an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Albanian community.
The League of Albanians of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Albanian community.
The Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania was an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Bulgarian community.
The Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Rusyn community.
