Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

Last updated
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
AbbreviationRCA
Formation1880;144 years ago (1880)
TypeArts organization
Legal statusActive
PurposeAdvocate and public voice, educator and network
Headquarters Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Region served
Canada
Membership
Over 790
Official language
English, French

The Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA) is a Canadian arts-related organization that was founded in 1880.

Contents

History

1880 to 1890

The 100th Anniversary The 100th Anniversary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.jpg
The 100th Anniversary

The title of Royal Canadian Academy of Arts was received from Queen Victoria on 16 July 1880. The Governor General of Canada, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, was its first patron. The painter Lucius O’Brien was its first president.

The objects of the Academy as stated in the 1881 publication of the organization's constitution [1] were three-fold:

In the same publication, two levels of membership were described: Academicians and Associates. No more than forty individuals could be Academicians at one time, while the number of Associates was not limited. All Academicians were required to give an example of their work to the collection of the National Gallery. They were also permitted to show more pieces in Academy-sponsored exhibitions than Associates. [1]

The inaugural exhibition was held in Ottawa and the first Academicians were inducted, including the first woman Academician, Charlotte Schreiber. Through the next 10 years, the Academy held annual exhibitions, often in cooperation with regional artists' societies. Exhibitions in Toronto were a joint project of the Academy and the Ontario Society of Artists, while those held in Montreal were held in partnership with the Art Association of Montreal. Exhibitions were also held in St. John, New Brunswick, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. [2] Additional academicians and associates were added each year until the membership had more than doubled by 1890. Members were drawn from all areas of the country and included anglophones and francophones. Men continued to out-number women and those female members were identified as painters not as designers or architects. [3]

As Academicians joined, they donated an example of their work to the National Gallery of Canada, building the collection of the as-yet unincorporated institution. A temporary home was found for the collection in a building next to the Supreme Court of Canada and the first curator, John W.H. Watts, RCA was appointed to begin organizing exhibitions. [4]

The third objective—to encourage the teaching of art and design in Canada—was found to be more challenging to address with the limited financial resources available to them. [2]

1891 to present

Canadian landscape painter Homer Watson was elected as an associate, became a full member and later became president of the Academy.

The centennial year of the Academy was honoured by a 35 cent, 3 colour postage stamp. [5] The stamp features an image of the original centre block of the Parliament Buildings and the text "Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1880–1980", with the name "Thomas Fuller", a member of the Academy and the Dominion Architect of Canada [6] who had designed the original building.

Members

The Academy is composed of members from across Canada representing over twenty visual arts disciplines. This list is not inclusive. See also Category:Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

1880 to 1890

Name [7] SexDiscipline [7] 1880 [3] 1881 [8] 1882 [8] 1883 [9] 1884 [10] 1886 [11] 1887 [12] 1888 [13] 1890 [14]
Aaron Allan Edson malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
William Nichol Cresswell malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCA
Daniel Fowler (1810–1894)malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
John Arthur Fraser (1838–1898)malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
James Griffiths (1825–1896)malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Joseph Arthur Eugene Hamel (1845–1932)malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCA
Robert Harris malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
John William Hopkins (1825–1905) [15] malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Henry Langley malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Lucius Richard O'Brien malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
William Raphael malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Henry Sandham malepainterRCARCARCARCARCA (non-resident)RCA (non-resident)RCA (non-resident)RCA (non-resident)RCA (non-resident)
Charlotte Schreiber femalepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
François Van Luppen (1838–1899)malesculptorRCARCARCARCARCARCA
James Smith (1832–1918) [16] malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Thomas Seaton Scott malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
William George Storm malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Thomas Mower Martin malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Forshaw Day malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
John Colin Forbes (1846–1925)malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
John William Hurrell Watts (1850–1917)maledesignerRCARCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Homer Watson malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Thomas W. Fuller malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Alexander Cowper Hutchison (1838–1922)malearchitectRCARCARCARCARCARCARCA
Marmaduke Matthews malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCA
John George Howard malearchitectRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retired
Antoine Plamondon malepainterRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retiredRCA retired
Napoléon Bourassa malepainterRCARCARCARCARCARCA
William Armstrong malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
Robert Richard Baigent (1830–1890)malepainterARCAARCAARCA
Harrington Bird (1846–1936)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Frederick Alexander Turner Dunbar (1849–1921)malesculptorARCAARCAARCAARCA
Robert Ford Gagen (1847–1926)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Michael Hannaford (1832–1891)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
George Harvey (1846–1910)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Louis-Philippe Hébert malesculptorARCAARCAARCARCARCARCA
Frances Bannerman femalepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Henry Martin (1832–1902)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
John Christopher Miles (1837–1911)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Andrew Dickson Patterson (1854–1930) [17] malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCARCARCA
Paul Peel malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Revell (1830–1902)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Joseph Thomas Rolph (1831–1916)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Ruel malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Frances Elwood Richards (1852–1934)femalepainterARCAARCAARCA
Edward Scrope Shrapnel (1845-1920)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith malepainterARCAARCAARCARCARCARCA
Edward Buckingham Shuttleworth (1842–1934)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
James L. Weston (1815–1896)malepainterARCAARCAARCA
Robert R. Whale malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Doughtie (1846–1883)maledesignerARCA
Eugène-Étienne Taché maledesignerARCAARCAARCAARCA
Alfred Harold Howard (1854–1916)maledesignerARCAARCARCARCARCARCA
Robert McCausland (1856–1923)maledesignerARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
James Balfour malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Charles Baillairgé malearchitectARCAARCA
Edmund Burke malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Walter Chesterton (1845–1931)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Joseph Connolly malearchitectARCAARCAARCARCARCARCA
Frank Darling malearchitectARCAARCAARCARCARCARCA
David Brash Dick (1846–1925)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAre
Andrew Dewar (architect) (1846 c.1932)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
G. Ernest Fairweather malearchitectARCAARCA
Robert Gage malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
(1851–1915)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Henry Bauld Gordon malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Critchlow Harris malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Irving (1830–1883)malearchitectARCAARCA
John Thomas Charles McKean (1840–1911)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Charles Willer Mulligan (1846–1908)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
James Nelson (1831–1913)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Almond E. Paull (1824–1902)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Alexander Denton Steele (1841–1890)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Stewart (1832–1907)malearchitectARCAARCA
David Stirling malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Walter Reginald Strickland (1841–1915)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Richard Cunningham Windeyer (1831–1900)malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
Otto Reinhold Jacobi malepainterRCARCARCARCARCA
William Brymner malepainterARCAARCARCARCARCA
Arthur Cox (1840–1917)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCAARCA
James A. Sydney Crocker malepainterARCAARCA
Percy Franklin Woodcock (1855–1936)malepainterARCAARCARCARCARCA
William Tutin Thomas malearchitectARCA
Alfred Boisseau (1823–1901)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
William Cruikshank malepainterARCAARCA
John Wycliffe Lowes Forster malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
James Kerr-Lawson (1865–1939)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
John Charles Pinhey (1860–1912)malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
George Agnew Reid malepainterARCAARCAARCAARCA
John Ellis maledesignerARCAARCAARCA
John Thompson Willing maledesignerARCAARCAARCA
Henry Frederick Busch (1826–1902)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Samuel George Curry malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCA
Alexander Francis Dunlop malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCA
George F. Durand (1850–1889)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Robert McNicol (fl. 1881–83)malearchitectARCAARCAARCA
Andrew Taylor malearchitectARCAARCAARCAARCA
Hamilton MacCarthy malesculptorARCAARCARCA
Frederick Charles S. Gordon (1856–1924)malepainterARCAARCA
Emma S. Windeat (fl. 1884–1926) [18] femalepainterARCAARCA
Name [7] discipline [7] 1896 [19]
William Edwin Atkinson (Canadian painter, 1862–1926)painterARCA
George Théodore Berthon painterRCA
Franklin Brownell (1857–1946)painterRCA
George Robert Bruenech (1851–1916)painterARCA
Frederick Sproston Challener, (1869–1959)painterARCA
Gertrude Spurr Cutts (1858–1941)painterARCA
Edmond Dyonnet painterARCA
Mary Alexandra Eastlake née Bell (1864–1951)painterARCA
Harriet Ford (1859–1939)painterARCA
James Lillie Graham (1873–1971)painterARCA
Edmund Wyly Grier painterRCA
John A. Hammond painterRCA
Sarah Holden painterARCA
William R. Hope (1863–1931)painterARCA
Farquhar McGillivray Knowles (1859–1932)painterARCA
Laura Muntz Lyall painterARCA
Hamilton MacCarthy sculptorRCA
C.M. Manly (1855–1924) [20] painterARCA
Joseph W. Power architectARCA
Mary Augusta Hiester Reid (1854–1921)painterARCA
William Albert Sherwood (1855–1919)painterARCA
W. L. Symons architectARCA
S. H. Townsend architectARCA
Sydney Strickland Tully (1869–1911)painterARCA
Frederick Arthur Verner painterARCA
Carl Henry Ahrens (1863–1936)painterARCA
Paul Giovanni Wickson (1860–1922)painterARCA
Curtis Williamson (1867–1944)painterARCA
Emma S. Windeat (fl. 1884–1926) [18] painterARCA

Academy membership in 1907

Academicians

Associates

Inducted in 1973

Inducted in 1974

Inducted in 1976

Inducted in 1990

Inducted in 1991

Inducted in 1999

Inducted in 2002

Inducted in 2004

2002 RCA Inductees List Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 2002 Inductees.jpg
2002 RCA Inductees List

Inducted in 2006

  • Paul Wm. Leathers, metalsmithing

Inducted in 2007

Inducted in 2008

Inducted in 2009

Inducted in 2010

Inducted in 2011

Inducted in 2012

Inducted in 2013

Inducted in 2014

Inducted in 2015

Inducted in 2016

Inducted in 2017

Inductees for 2018

Others

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Academy of Arts</span> Art institution in London, England

The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House in Piccadilly in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Paul Riopelle</span> Canadian painter and sculptor (1923–2002)

Jean-Paul Riopelle, was a Canadian painter and sculptor from Quebec. He had one of the longest and most important international careers of the sixteen signatories of the Refus Global, the 1948 manifesto that announced the Quebecois artistic community's refusal of clericalism and provincialism. He is best known for his abstract painting style, in particular his "mosaic" works of the 1950s when he famously abandoned the paintbrush, using only a palette knife to apply paint to canvas, giving his works a distinctive sculptural quality. He became the first Canadian painter since James Wilson Morrice to attain widespread international recognition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</span> Art school in Vienna, Austria

The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna is a public art school in Vienna, Austria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Scottish Academy</span> Art institution in Edinburgh, Scotland

The Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) is the country’s national academy of art. It promotes contemporary Scottish art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betty Goodwin</span> Canadian artist

Betty Roodish Goodwin, was a multidisciplinary Canadian artist who expressed the complexity of human experience through her work.

William Goodridge Roberts (1904–1974) was a Canadian painter known for his landscape paintings, still lifes, figure paintings and interiors. He was also a teacher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleeve Horne</span> Canadian artist (1912-1998)

Arthur Edward Cleeve Horne,, was a Canadian portrait painter and sculptor.

Gerald Gladstone was a Canadian sculptor and painter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian art</span> Canadian art

Canadian art refers to the visual as well as plastic arts originating from the geographical area of contemporary Canada. Art in Canada is marked by thousands of years of habitation by Indigenous peoples followed by waves of immigration which included artists of European origins and subsequently by artists with heritage from countries all around the world. The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions and adapted these influences to reflect the reality of their lives in Canada.

Bill Vazan is a Canadian artist, known for land art, sculpture, painting and photography. His work has been exhibited in North America and internationally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmond Dyonnet</span> Canadian painter (1859-1954)

Edmond Dyonnet (1859-1954) was a landscape painter, portraitist and photographer, He was born French and a naturalised Canadian. He taught numerous students in Quebec province and was an academician and secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1910-1947), author of a history of the Academy with Hugh Jones in 1934, and a charter member of Montreal’s Arts Club in 1912.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottawa School of Art</span> Art school in Ottawa, Canada

The Ottawa School of Art is a non-profit art school in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school offers a one-year certificate program, a three-year diploma program, art camps, and general interest courses, as well as providing exhibition space and a boutique for the display and sale of artwork by local artists and students. The school facilities include a ceramics studio, sculpture studio, wood shop, printmaking studio, a dark room for photography, painting studios, and multipurpose studio spaces where life drawing classes take place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugenia Berlin</span>

Eugenia Berlin (1905–2003) was a Russian Empire-born Canadian sculptor, painter, designer and director.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Cullen (artist)</span> Canadian artist (1866–1934)

Maurice Cullen is considered to be the father of Canadian Impressionism. He is best known for his paintings of snow and his depictions of ice harvest scenes, featuring horse-drawn sleighs traveling across the frozen waters of Quebec during winter. The Laurentians were his greatest love and he painted there often. He excelled in painting crisp northern light.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghitta Caiserman-Roth</span> Canadian painter and printmaker

Ghitta Caiserman-Roth was a Canadian painter and printmaker. She was a founder of the Montreal Artist School and her work is in the National Gallery of Canada. Caiserman-Roth was also an associate member of the Royal Canadian Academy and the first painter to receive the Governor General's Award for Visual Media and Art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A. M. Pattison</span>

Albert Mead "Pat" Pattison was a Quebec-based Canadian artist who worked as a commercial artist and architect. He signed his main works of art A.M. Pattison; and smaller pieces, such as illustrations, A.M.P.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Collett</span> Canadian artist (born 1961)

Susan Collett RCA IAC is a Canadian artist in printmaking and ceramics. In 1986, she graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Art, earning a B.F.A. in printmaking with a minor in ceramics.

Anne Kahane was an Austrian-born Canadian artist. Best known for her figures carved in wood, Kahane began her career as a printmaker and commercial artist. In addition to her work as a sculptor using wood, brass, and aluminum, Kahane's artistic repertoire also included drawing and printmaking.

Serge Tousignant is a Canadian multidisciplinary artist and a photographer.

Gordon Webber was a multimedia pioneer of modernism in Canada. He was also an educator.

References

  1. 1 2 Constitution and Laws of the Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts. Toronto: Globe Printing Co., Printer. 1881. p. 1. ISBN   9780665128936. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  2. 1 2 Report and review of financial position and prospective policy of the Academy to His Excellency the Most Hon. the Marquis of Lansdowne, Governor-General, Patron of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1886. Ottawa: Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. 1886. ISBN   9780665456060. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  3. 1 2 Records of the Founding of the Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts. Toronto: Globe Printing Co. 1879–80. p. 16. ISBN   9780665132964. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  4. "Our History: Pre 1900". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  5. Credit: Library and Archives Canada; Copyright: Canada Post Corporation
  6. "Dominion Architect". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Members since 1880". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  8. 1 2 Records of the Founding of the Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts. Toronto: Globe Printing Co. 1879–80. p. 27. ISBN   9780665132964. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  9. Records of the Founding of the Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts. Toronto: Globe Printing Co. 1879–80. p. 28. ISBN   9780665132964. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  10. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1884. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1884.
  11. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1886. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1886.
  12. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1887. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1887. ISBN   9780665465239.
  13. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1888.
  14. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1890. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1890.
  15. "Royal Insurance Company's Building (late Merchants Bank), Montreal, c. 1866". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  16. "St. James Square Presbyterian Church, Toronto, 1880". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  17. "A. Dickson Patterson". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  18. 1 2 McMann, Evelyn de R. (2003). Biographical Index of Artists in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 246. ISBN   9780802027900.
  19. Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1896. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1896.
  20. "C.M. Manly". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Annual Exhibition Catalogue of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1907. Montreal: Art Association of Montreal. 1907.
  22. Creative Canada: A Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Creative and Performing Artists. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. 1971. p. 1760. ISBN   1442637838.
  23. "Stolen paintings by late Canadian artist recovered after sister spots them on Kijiji, CBC, 2018". Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  24. "Members - 1880 to the Present". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 1 February 2003. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  25. "Members - 1880 to the Present". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. 2011-05-26. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
  26. "Members Since 1880". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. 2020. Archived from the original on 2019-05-04. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  27. "Members Since 1880". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. 1999. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  28. 1 2 "Island artists inducted into Royal Academy of Arts". CBC News . December 15, 1999. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "New members 2007". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts celebrates four craft artists". The Canadian Crafts Federation. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "INDUCTION 2011" (PDF). Royal Canadian Academy of Arts News. Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Retrieved 20 October 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 New Members, 2014, archived from the original on 16 August 2017, retrieved 5 March 2014
  33. "Eva Lapka". Galerie Berdnard. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "New Members". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 "New Members". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Home". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  37. "NSCAD UNIVERSITY ANNOUNCES ITS 2022 HONORARY DEGREE RECIPIENTS". nscad.ca. NSCAD. 11 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  38. G+M: "Designer George Cuthbertson crafted sleek, speedy sailboats" Archived 2018-10-23 at the Wayback Machine , 20 Oct 2017
  39. "Robert Pilot". Heffel.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  40. "Leslie Reid". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.