| STAU2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | STAU2 , 39K2, 39K3, staufen double-stranded RNA binding protein 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 605920 MGI: 1352508 HomoloGene: 8666 GeneCards: STAU2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr 8: 73.42 – 73.75 Mb | Chr 1: 16.23 – 16.52 Mb | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| PubMed search | [3] | [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAU2 gene. [5] [6]
Staufen homolog 2 is a member of the family of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins involved in the transport and/or localization of mRNAs to different subcellular compartments and/or organelles. These proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple dsRNA-binding domains which are required to bind RNAs having double-stranded secondary structures. Staufen homolog 2 shares 48.5% and 59.9% similarity with drosophila and human staufen, respectively. The exact function of Staufen homolog 2 is not known, but since it contains 3 copies of conserved dsRNA binding domain, it could be involved in double-stranded RNA binding events. [6] Expression of Stau2 was sufficient to increase eye size, suggesting a novel biological role of Stau2 in eye morphogenesis. [7] Acting as a HIV-1 dependency factor, Staufen-2 promotes HIV-1 proliferation by positively regulating RNA export activity of viral protein Rev [8] and recently it was reported that Staufen-2 is incorporated into HIV-1 particles and boost viral infectivity [9]
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene. Being part of the RNase III family, Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively. These fragments are approximately 20–25 base pairs long with a two-base overhang on the 3′-end. Dicer facilitates the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is essential for RNA interference. RISC has a catalytic component Argonaute, which is an endonuclease capable of degrading messenger RNA (mRNA).
The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which functions in gene silencing via a variety of pathways at the transcriptional and translational levels. Using single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA), the complex functions as a key tool in gene regulation. The single strand of RNA acts as a template for RISC to recognize complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. Once found, one of the proteins in RISC, Argonaute, activates and cleaves the mRNA. This process is called RNA interference (RNAi) and it is found in many eukaryotes; it is a key process in defense against viral infections, as it is triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins.
RNA-binding proteins are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein complexes. RBPs contain various structural motifs, such as RNA recognition motif (RRM), dsRNA binding domain, zinc finger and others. They are cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. However, since most mature RNA is exported from the nucleus relatively quickly, most RBPs in the nucleus exist as complexes of protein and pre-mRNA called heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs). RBPs have crucial roles in various cellular processes such as: cellular function, transport and localization. They especially play a major role in post-transcriptional control of RNAs, such as: splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stabilization, mRNA localization and translation. Eukaryotic cells express diverse RBPs with unique RNA-binding activity and protein–protein interaction. According to the Eukaryotic RBP Database (EuRBPDB), there are 2961 genes encoding RBPs in humans. During evolution, the diversity of RBPs greatly increased with the increase in the number of introns. Diversity enabled eukaryotic cells to utilize RNA exons in various arrangements, giving rise to a unique RNP (ribonucleoprotein) for each RNA. Although RBPs have a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation in gene expression, relatively few RBPs have been studied systematically.
Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA1 gene. Mutations in hnRNP A1 are causative of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the syndrome multisystem proteinopathy.
RNA-binding protein 8A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBM8A gene.
The Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase family are related enzymes that in humans are encoded by the ADAR family genes. ADAR stands for adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. This article focuses on the ADAR1 protein which is important for regulation and processing of RNA.
Synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP), also known as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) Q or NS1-associated protein-1 (NSAP-1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNCRIP gene. As the name implies, SYNCRIP is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. It is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and participates in several cellular and disease pathways, especially in neuronal and muscular development. In humans, there are three isoforms, all of which are associated in vitro with pre-mRNAs, mRNA splicing intermediates, and mature mRNA-protein complexes, including mRNA turnover.
Double-stranded RNA-specific editase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADARB1 gene.
Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7) also known as splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 7 (SFRS7) or splicing factor 9G8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRSF7 gene.
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAU1 gene.
Protein mago nashi homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAGOH gene.
RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TARBP2 gene.
Protein flightless-1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLII gene.
Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXR2 gene.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX1 gene.
Protein CASC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASC3 gene.
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTBP1 gene.
Double-stranded RNA-specific editase B2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADARB2 gene.
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