Salmacina dysteri

Salmacina dysteri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Class:	Polychaeta
Order:	Canalipalpata
Family:	Serpulidae
Genus:	Salmacina
Species:	S. dysteri
Binomial name
	Salmacina dysteri; (Huxley, 1855) [1]
Synonyms
	Filograna dysteri(Huxley, 1855); Filopora filogranaDalyell, 1853; Protula (Salmacina) dysteriHuxley, 1855; Protula dysteriHuxley, 1855; Salmacina aedificatrixClaparède, 1870; Salmacina edificatrixClaparède, 1870;

Last updated September 24, 2019

Salmacina dysteri is a species of tube-forming annelid worm in the family Serpulidae. It is found on submerged rocks, reefs, piles and boats in many shallow and deeper water environments around the world.

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.

The annelids, also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.

Family is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy; it is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as being the "walnut family".

Description

Salmacina dysteri lives in a slender white tube that it constructs, which is up to 15 mm (0.6 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) wide. It is a gregarious species and forms agglomerations of intertwined tubes. The branchial crown, which projects from the end of the tube, has two groups of four radioles (heavily ciliated, feather-like tentacles). This worm has seven to nine thoracic segments and the tube has no operculum (lid).^[2] Unlike the two-layer tubes of many related species, the opaque tube of Salmacina dysteri consists of a single, porous layer. ^[3]

A radiole is a heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle found in highly organized clusters on the crowns of Canalipalpata. Canalipalpata is an order of sessile marine polychaete worms consisting of 31 families. These benthic annelid tube worms employ radioles primarily for alimentation. While their primary role is to function as an organ for filter feeding, radioles also serve as respiratory organs. Because of their role in gas exchange, radioles are often referred to as "gills".

An operculum is an anatomical feature, a stiff structure resembling a lid or a small door that opens and closes, and thus controls contact between the outside world and an internal part of an animal. Examples include:

Distribution and habitat

It is not clear where this species originated, but it is now found in warm waters globally. It was first seen in Hawaii in 1939, and it occurs there from the eulittoral zone down to around 600 m (2,000 ft).^[2] It grows on solid structures such as on rocks, on seaweed on reef flats, on reef slopes and docks, especially in harbours and bays; it also grows on the hulls of ships and on top of other fouling organisms.^[2]

The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore or seashore, is the area that is above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide. This area can include several types of habitats with various species of life, such as starfish, sea urchins, and many species of coral. Sometimes it is referred to as the littoral zone, although that can be defined as a wider region.

Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, macroorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces. Such accumulation is referred to as epibiosis when the host surface is another organism and the relationship is not parasitic.

Ecology

Salmacina dysteri is a suspension feeder. Cilia on the tentacles cause currents in the water and small organic particles are caught as they float by. Other cilia move the particles along mucus-filled grooves to the mouth.^[2] Experiments have shown that only inert, detrital particles are captured by the expanded crown, free-swimming algae being able to avoid entrapment. ^[4]

A cilium is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells and are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.

Tentacle varied organ found in many animals and used for palpation and manipulation

In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates. In animal anatomy, tentacles usually occur in one or more pairs. Anatomically, the tentacles of animals work mainly like muscular hydrostats. Most forms of tentacles are used for grasping and feeding. Many are sensory organs, variously receptive to touch, vision, or to the smell or taste of particular foods or threats. Examples of such tentacles are the eyestalks of various kinds of snails. Some kinds of tentacles have both sensory and manipulatory functions.

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter (NOM) refers to the large source

of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that don't involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.

This worm is a hermaphrodite; reproduction can occur asexually, when the body breaks into two parts, or sexually, by the emission of gametes into the water column.^[2]

In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the "female" or "male." For example, the great majority of tunicates, pulmonate snails, opisthobranch snails, earthworms and slugs are hermaphrodites. Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. Most plants are also hermaphrodites.

Asexual reproduction Biological process in which new individuals are produced by either a single cell or a group of cells, in the absence of any sexual process

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria. Many plants and fungi sometimes reproduce asexually. Some asexual cells die when they are very young.

A gamete is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that sexually reproduce. In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum— and a male produces the smaller tadpole-like type—called a sperm. In short a gamete is an egg cell or a sperm. This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes. In contrast, isogamy is the state of gametes from both sexes being the same size and shape, and given arbitrary designators for mating type. The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel. Gametes carry half the genetic information of an individual, one ploidy of each type, and are created through meiosis.

Related Research Articles

The Sipuncula or Sipunculida is a group containing about 162 species of bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented marine worms. The name Sipuncula is from the genus name Sipunculus, and comes from the Latin siphunculus meaning a "small tube". Traditionally considered a phylum, Sipuncula seems to be closely related to Myzostomida and Annelida, and may be a subgroup of Annelida, based on recent molecular work. Sipunculans vary in size but most species are under 10 cm (4 in) in length.

Entoprocta whose name means "anus inside", or Kamptozoa, is a phylum of mostly sessile aquatic animals, ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They have a "crown" of solid tentacles whose cilia generate water currents that draw food particles towards the mouth, and both the mouth and anus lie inside the "crown". The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a "crown" of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly.

Spirobranchus giganteus, commonly known as Christmas tree worms, are tube-building polychaete worms belonging to the family Serpulidae.

Hydroides norvegica is a species of tube-forming annelid worm in the family Serpulidae. It is found on submerged rocks, shells, piles and boats in many coastal areas around the world. It is the type species of the genus Hydroides.

Sabellastarte spectabilis is a species of benthic marine polychaete worm in the Sabellidae family. It is commonly known as the feather duster worm, feather duster or fan worm. It is native to tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific but has spread to other parts of the world. It is popular in aquariums because of its distinctive appearance and its ability to remove organic particles and improve water quality.

<i>Eudistylia polymorpha</i> Species of annelid

Eudistylia polymorpha, the giant feather duster worm, is a species of marine polychaete worm belonging to the family Sabellidae. Its common name is from the crown of tentacles extended when the animal is under water.

Rhabdopleura normani is a small, marine species of worm-shaped animal. It is a sessile suspension feeder, lives in clear water, and secretes tubes on the ocean floor.

Neosabellaria cementarium is a species of marine tube worm in the family Sabellariidae, perhaps better known by its previous name, Sabellaria cementarium. It is found in the North Pacific Ocean.

Umimayanthus parasiticus, commonly known as the sponge zoanthid, is a species of coral in the order Zoantharia which grows symbiotically on several species of sponge. It is found in shallow waters in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Sabella spallanzanii is a species of marine polychaete worms in the family Sabellidae. Common names include the Mediterranean fanworm, the feather duster worm, the European fan worm and the pencil worm. It is native to shallow waters in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It has spread to various other parts of the world and is included on the Global Invasive Species Database.

Ficopomatus enigmaticus, commonly known as the Australian tubeworm, is a species of serpulid tubeworms. Their true native range is unknown, but they probably originated in the Southern Hemisphere, perhaps from the Indian Ocean and the coastal waters of Australia. Today they have a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to shallow waters worldwide. The Australian tubeworm is an invasive species that dominates and alters habitats, reduces water quality, depletes resources, and causes biofouling.

Dendropoma corallinaceus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells. It is a colonial species and forms aggregations on the lower shore near low-water mark. It is native to South Africa.

Madracis auretenra, commonly known as the yellow finger coral or yellow pencil coral, is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Pocilloporidae. It is a fairly common species and is found in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean. At one time this species was not recognised, but it was split from Madracis mirabilis on the grounds of morphology and depth range.

Platygyra daedalea, sometimes known as the lesser valley coral, is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Merulinidae. It occurs on reefs in shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region. It is a common species and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Pennaria disticha is a species of athecate hydroid in the family Pennariidae. Colonies are common in the Mediterranean Sea growing on rocks close to the surface. This species has been used in research into prey capture.

Watersipora subtorquata, commonly known as the red-rust bryozoan, is a species of colonial bryozoan in the family Watersiporidae. It is unclear from where it originated but it is now present in many warm-water coastal regions throughout the world, and has become invasive on the west coast of North America and in Australia and New Zealand.

Serpula columbiana, variously called the calcareous tubeworm, the plume worm, the fan worm, the limy tube worm and the red tube worm, is a species of segmented marine polychaete worm in the family Serpulidae. It is a cosmopolitan species that is found in most seas in the Northern Hemisphere including the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Poecilochaetus serpens is a species of marine polychaete worm in the family Poecilochaetidae. It is a benthic worm that burrows into soft sediment.

Spirobranchus cariniferus, commonly known as the blue tubeworm or spiny tubeworm, or by its Māori name toke pā, is a species of tube-building polychaete worm endemic to New Zealand.

References

↑ WoRMS (2015). "Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 March 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 Eldredge, L.G.; Smith, C.M. (2001). "Salmacina dysteri" (PDF). Hawaii Biological Survey 2001. Bishop Museum Technical Reports. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
↑ Eijiroh Nishi (1993). "On the Internal Structure of Calcified Tube Walls in Serpulidae and Spirorbidae (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Marine Fouling. 10: 17–20. doi:10.4282/sosj1979.10.17.
↑ Phillips Dales, R. (1957). "Some quantitative aspects of feeding in sabellid and serpulid fan worms" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 36 (2): 309–316. doi:10.1017/S0025315400016817.

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[WoRMS-1] WoRMS (2015). "Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 March 2016.

[Eldredge-2] 1 2 3 4 5 Eldredge, L.G.; Smith, C.M. (2001). "Salmacina dysteri" (PDF). Hawaii Biological Survey 2001. Bishop Museum Technical Reports. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.

[3] Eijiroh Nishi (1993). "On the Internal Structure of Calcified Tube Walls in Serpulidae and Spirorbidae (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Marine Fouling. 10: 17–20. doi:10.4282/sosj1979.10.17.

[4] Phillips Dales, R. (1957). "Some quantitative aspects of feeding in sabellid and serpulid fan worms" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 36 (2): 309–316. doi:10.1017/S0025315400016817.