The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States of America,including all the bureaus and offices in the United States Department of State,as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State,are "to build and sustain a more democratic,secure,and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community". Liberalism has been a key component of US foreign policy since its independence from Britain. Since the end of World War II,the United States has had a grand strategy which has been characterized as being oriented around primacy,"deep engagement",and/or liberal hegemony. This strategy entails that the United States maintains military predominance;builds and maintains an extensive network of allies;integrates other states into US-designed international institutions;and limits the spread of nuclear weapons.
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments,social organizations,and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.
International relations is an academic discipline. In a broader sense,the study of IR,in addition to multilateral relations,concerns all activities among states—such as war,diplomacy,trade,and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors,such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),international legal bodies,and multinational corporations (MNCs).
Michael W. Doyle is an American international relations scholar who is a theorist of the liberal "democratic peace" and author of Liberalism and World Politics. He has also written on the comparative history of empires and the evaluation of UN peace-keeping. He is a University professor of International Affairs,Law and Political Science at Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs. He is the former director of Columbia Global Policy Initiative. He co-directs the Center on Global Governance at Columbia Law School.
Development studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social science. Development studies is offered as a specialized master's degree in a number of reputed universities around the world. It has grown in popularity as a subject of study since the early 1990s,and has been most widely taught and researched in developing countries and countries with a colonial history,such as the UK,where the discipline originated. Students of development studies often choose careers in international organisations such as the United Nations,World Bank,non-governmental organisations (NGOs),media and journalism houses,private sector development consultancy firms,corporate social responsibility (CSR) bodies and research centers.
Development aid is a type of aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic,environmental,social,and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by aiming at a sustained improvement in the conditions in a developing country,rather than short-term relief. The overarching term is foreign aid. The amount of foreign aid is measured though official development assistance (ODA). This is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid.
International security is a term which refers to the measures taken by states and international organizations,such as the United Nations,European Union,and others,to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena.
The University of California,San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy (GPS) is the graduate school of international affairs and public policy at the University of California,San Diego. It is a full member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs,and awards Masters degrees in International Affairs (MIA),Public Policy (MPP),Chinese Economic and Political Affairs (MCEPA),a Master of Advanced Studies in International Affairs (MAS-IA) intended for mid-career professionals,and a Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs. The School also offers several five-year concurrent degree programs in cooperation with the International Studies Program and the Departments of Economics and Political Science.
John Gerard Ruggie was the Berthold Beitz Research Professor in Human Rights and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University and an affiliated professor in international legal studies at Harvard Law School.
Barnett Richard Rubin is an American political scientist and a leading expert on Afghanistan and South Asia. He is the author of eight books and is currently senior fellow and director at the Center on International Cooperation at New York University,a leading foreign policy center. He was previously senior advisor to the US special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. He has advised the United Nations,NATO,the United States,and the Afghan government on numerous policy matters,including aid policy,security policy,and diplomatic strategy.
Joris Jacob Clemens Voorhoeve is a retired Dutch politician,diplomat of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and political scientist.
Stephen Hopgood is Professor of International Relations at the SOAS,University of London. He is also the co-director of the Centre for the International Politics of Conflict,Rights and Justice and Associate Dean for Research in the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. His most recent book is The Endtimes of Human Rights (2013) in which he argues that declining Western power will undermine the prospects for global human rights. His 2006 book,Keepers of the Flame:Understanding Amnesty International,is the first ethnographic account of a global human rights NGO and received the Best Book in Human Rights award from the American Political Science Association. Hopgood is currently working on an edited collection with Jack Snyder and Leslie Vinjamuri titled Human Rights Futures. From 2002 to 2004,he was a Social Science Research Council Fellow in Global Security and Cooperation and from 2009 to 2012 he held a Major Research Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust. Hopgood is also a regular contributor to the online discussion forum openGlobalRights.
The Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver is a professional school of international affairs offering undergraduate,graduate,and doctoral degrees. It is named in honor of the founding dean,Josef Korbel,father of former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.
Thomas Risse is a Berlin-based international relations scholar. He currently acts as chair of the Center for Transnational Relations,Foreign and Security Policy at the Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science of Freie Universität Berlin. Furthermore,he has several engagements in German and international research networks,and heads the PhD program of the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin.
Democracy promotion by the United States aims to encourage governmental and non-governmental actors to pursue political reforms that will lead ultimately to democratic governance.
The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy is the graduate school of international affairs of Tufts University,in Medford,Massachusetts. Fletcher is one of America's oldest graduate schools of international relations. As of 2017,the student body numbered around 230,of whom 36 percent were international students from 70 countries,and around a quarter were U.S. minorities.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton is a professor at the UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy and director of the School’s Laboratory on International Law and Regulation. She is the author of the book "Making Human Rights a Reality."
Kathryn A. Sikkink is an American author,human rights academic,and scholar of international relations working primarily through the theoretical strain of constructivism. She is currently a professor at Harvard Kennedy School.
