The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. The word abyss comes from the Greek word ἄβυσσος (ábussos), meaning "bottomless". At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), this zone remains in perpetual darkness. It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface. The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass. The water pressure can reach up to 76 MPa.
In biology, detritus is organic matter made up of the decomposing remains of organisms and plants, and also of feces. Detritus usually hosts communities of microorganisms that colonize and decompose (remineralise) it. Such microorganisms may be decomposers, detritivores, or coprophages.
The flamingo tongue snail is a species of small but brightly colored sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
The environmental impact of fishing includes issues such as the availability of fish, overfishing, fisheries, and fisheries management; as well as the impact of industrial fishing on other elements of the environment, such as bycatch. These issues are part of marine conservation, and are addressed in fisheries science programs. According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth.
Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies.
A bottom feeder is an aquatic animal that feeds on or near the bottom of a body of water. Biologists often use the terms benthos—particularly for invertebrates such as shellfish, crabs, crayfish, sea anemones, starfish, snails, bristleworms and sea cucumbers—and benthivore or benthivorous, for fish and invertebrates that feed on material from the bottom. However the term benthos includes all aquatic life that lives on or near the bottom, which means it also includes non-animals, such as plants and algae. Biologists also use specific terms that refer to bottom feeding fish, such as demersal fish, groundfish, benthic fish and benthopelagic fish. Examples of bottom feeding fish species groups are flatfish, eels, cod, haddock, bass, grouper, carp, bream (snapper) and some species of catfish and sharks.
Bathytoma profundis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. This species was first described by Laseron in 1954. It is known for its distinct shell morphology and its occurrence in specific marine environments.
Conasprella coromandelicus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. This species was first described by E. A. Smith in 1894. It is known for its distinct shell morphology and its occurrence in specific marine environments.
Halystina globulus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Seguenziidae. The scientific name of Halystina globulus comes from the Greek words "Halys" and "Stena", referring to the location of the snail's body within its shell.
Vexillum torotortum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters. This species is known for its beautifully patterned shell and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean.
Margovula marginata, common name the Chinese egg shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
Sandalia triticea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
Crenavolva is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Eocypraeinae of the family Ovulidae.
Sandalia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Eocypraeinae of the family Ovulidae.
Xenophora crispa, the Mediterranean Carrier Shell, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Xenophoridae, the carrier shells.
Haplocochlias lucasensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae. The Haplocochlias lucasensis is part of the Skeneidae family, a group of small sea snails known for their small, often delicate shells. This species is marine and falls under the broader class of Gastropoda, which is the largest and most diverse class within the phylum Mollusca.
Solariella galkini is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae. This species was first described by Bagirov in 1995. It is known for its distinct shell morphology and its occurrence in specific marine environments.
Ficopomatus enigmaticus, commonly known as the Australian tubeworm, is a species of serpulid tubeworms. Their true native range is unknown, but they probably originated in the Southern Hemisphere, perhaps from the Indian Ocean and the coastal waters of Australia. Today they have a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to shallow waters worldwide. The Australian tubeworm is an invasive species that dominates and alters habitats, reduces water quality, depletes resources, and causes biofouling.
The subfamily Ovulinae, common name the ovulines, is a highly specialized, extant group of sea snails in the family Ovulidae. These are predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Cypraeoidea. Species in this subfamily are sometimes referred to as cowries, although this name is commonly used for any member of the superfamily Cypraeoidea.
Zebinella recticostulata is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae. The marine gastropod Zebinella recticostulata, first described by Cossmann and Peyrot in 1919, belongs to the family Rissoinidae within the class Gastropoda. This species is known for its small, elongated shell structure, typical of the Rissoinidae, and features distinct ribbed patterns along its shell, which aid in distinguishing it from related species.
