Scarus dubius, also known as regal parrotfish, is a parrotfish endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. [1] [2]
| Scarus dubius | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Labriformes |
| Family: | Scaridae |
| Genus: | Scarus |
| Species: | S. dubius |
| Binomial name | |
| Scarus dubius Bennett, 1828 | |
The Hawaiian regal parrotfish grows to a maximum length of 35.6 cm. [3] Both male and female regal parrotfish have similar elongated, oval-shaped bodies. The males and females often display different color patterns and intensities. The males are usually more colorful than the females. The male's coloration can include a mix of vibrant blues, oranges, yellows, and greens. In contrast, the females are going to be more dull, expressing shades of green, blue, or brown, and may lack the prominent patterns seen in males. [4]
The regal parrotfish produces slimy secretions similar to those of some teleost fish. This slime is produced from goblet cells in the opercular region during the night, leading to the creation of cocoons around their bodies. Researchers have proposed that this is a defense mechanism against predators. [5]
Within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the regal parrotfish is found in abundance at depths ≥ 6 meters. [6] As a non-aquarium fish, the regal parrotfish has been found in reef and aggregate coral habitats and reef, and colonized volcanic boulder habitat types. [7] Around Oahu, the regal parrotfish has an estimated abundance of 72,140 ± 32.571 and a biomass of 3901 ± 1653 kg. [8]
Parrotfish are a group of fish species traditionally regarded as a family (Scaridae), but now often treated as a subfamily (Scarinae) or tribe (Scarini) of the wrasses (Labridae). With roughly 95 species, this group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion.
Rhodamine is a family of related dyes, a subset of the triarylmethane dyes. They are derivatives of xanthene. Important members of the rhodamine family are rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 123, and rhodamine B. They are mainly used to dye paper and inks, but they lack the lightfastness for fabric dyeing.
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Cognitive orthotics are software-based personal reminder systems for people with cognitive impairment, such as memory loss. Individuals with cognitive impairments frequently encounter substantial challenges in developing independence skills, including vocational abilities and daily living activities. Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities typically attain adequate skills for independence.[1] Conversely, those categorized as moderately intellectually disabled seldom reach this degree of autonomy.[1] Historically, training programs for individuals with moderate intellectual disabilities have served as the traditional means to instill and support independent living skills.[1] However, the effectiveness of these programs has shown varying degrees of success.[1] Many daily routine tasks involve a series of steps, and even if each step is simple, the quantity of steps can make the process challenging for an individual with cognitive impairments.[1] A mistake in any step or an error in the sequence can lead to the entire process being deemed unacceptable.[1] For over thirty years, computers have been utilized in the rehabilitation of individuals with brain injuries. Initially, researchers delved into the potential of developing a "prosthetic memory." However, by the early 1980s, the focus shifted towards addressing brain dysfunction through repetitive practice. Only a few psychologists were developing rehabilitation software for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in a scarcity of available programs.[3] Cognitive rehabilitation specialists opted for commercially available computer games that were visually appealing, engaging, repetitive, and entertaining, theorizing their potential remedial effects on neuropsychological dysfunction.[3] The outcomes of initial computer-based rehabilitation interventions were restricted and, in several aspects, fell short of expectations.[3] While repetitive practice improved performance in the specific task practiced, this effect did not extend to other tasks.[3]
The sheepshead minnow, also known as sheepshead pupfish, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, the pupfishes. It is found in salt marsh and estuary environments and is native to the eastern coasts of North and Central America.
β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, and saturated fatty acids.
Angiotensin II receptor type 1(AT1) is a Gq/11-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It is encoded in humans by the AGTR1 gene. AT1 has vasopressor effects and regulates aldosterone secretion. It is an important effector controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are drugs indicated for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure.
Endothelin receptor type B, (ET-B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDNRB gene.
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Leumorphin, also known as dynorphin B1–29, is a naturally occurring endogenous opioid peptide. Derived as a proteolytic cleavage product of residues 226-254 of prodynorphin, leumorphin is a nonacosapeptide and has the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-Arg-Ser-Gln-Glu-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Ser-Gly-Glu-Leu-Phe-Asp-Ala. It can be further reduced to dynorphin B and dynorphin B-14 by pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1, an enzyme of the endopeptidase family. Leumorphin behaves as a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist, similarly to other endogenous opioid peptide derivatives of prodynorphin.
Methyl 2-fluoroacrylate (MFA) is a chemical compound classified as an acrylate ester. The molecular formula is C4H5FO2 and the molecular weight is 104.08. The systematic name of this chemical is methyl 2-fluoroprop-2-enoate. It is used in industrial chemistry to produce acrylate polymers with mechanical and optical properties, and insect antifeedant 2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane.
Paenarthrobacter histidinolovorans is a bacterium species from the genus Paenarthrobacter which has been isolated from soil. Paenarthrobacter histidinolovorans produces histidinol dehydrogenase.
Scarus fuscopurpureus, common name purple-brown parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the class Actinopterygii. It is a parrotfish in the family Scaridae. It occurs in the western Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the gulf of Aden and the Persain Gulf. Countries in which boarder these waters include, but are not limited to Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.
Scarus psittacus, the common parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. Other common names for this species include the palenose parrotfish, Batavian parrotfish and the rosy-cheek parrotfish. It has a wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific region where it is associated with coral reefs. This species is utilised as food. It is the type species of the genus Scarus.
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Miriam Margoth Martínez Díaz is a Colombian urban planner, human rights defender and civil engineer with a master's degree in administration from the Charles III University of Madrid. Currently she is candidate for mayor of Pasto.
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