Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect

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The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect within Bulgaria, in the Rup subgroup of the Eastern dialects Bulgarian dialects by Todor Bozhinov.png
The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect within Bulgaria, in the Rup subgroup of the Eastern dialects

The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect is a dialect currently treated both in the contexts of the southeastern group of Bulgarian dialects [1] and the southeastern subgroup of dialects of the Macedonian. Prior to the codification of standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were classified as Bulgarian. [2] [3] [4] The dialect is dynamic and is well known for the shortening of the words, [5] and also characterised by the excessive use of /ʲa/ for the Proto-Slavic yat even in cases where standard Bulgarian has /ɛ/, a feature which is typical for a number of dialects spoken in southern and southwestern Bulgaria (e.g. the Thracian dialect). [6] The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect is closely related to the neighbouring dialects. It is closer to all Eastern Bulgarian dialects than to all Western. [7] Macedonian shares much less features with the dialect than it does with the Maleševo-Pirin dialect of Macedonian [8] [9] and Bulgarian. Some Bulgarian dialects are more similar to Macedonian than the Ser-Nevrokop dialect, the Samokov dialect shares more features with Macedonian than both the Ser-Nevrokop and the Pirin-Malasevo dialects do, even though it is not considered a Macedonian dialect, the most of the western Bulgarian dialects and the Smolyan dialect share more similarities with Macedonian than the Ser dialect does. The Samokov dialect, most remarkably, shares with Macedonian and the Maleševo-Pirin dialect—the "to be" verb for future tense—"ke", which in contrast is "shte" in the Ser-Nevrokop dialect and in the Bulgarian language. The Yat border passes through the Maleševo-Pirin dialect and divides it on such a way that in the northern area of the dialect the yat is pronounced "e" (as in all the Western Bulgarian dialects and Macedonian) and in the south—"ya" (as in the Eastern Bulgarian dialects and standard Bulgarian). In the Ser-Nevrokop dialect the yat is pronounced in most places "ya", therefore the city of Serres, after which the dialect is named, is called "Syar" by the locals, as opposed to "Ser" in Macedonian. The first person singular is as in Bulgarian, ending with "a" or "am" as opposed to the constant "am" in Macedonian and the Bulgarian Smolyan dialect. The words for man -"m'zh" and for a dream "s'n" are as in Bulgarian, unlike the Macedonian "mazh" and "son". The words for night and tear—"nosht" and "s'lza" are as the Bulgarian, unlike the Macedonian "nok" and "solza". [7]

Contents

Yat border Bgmap yat.png
Yat border

The Serres-Nevrokop dialect is treated both in the contexts of Bulgarian and Macedonian dialectology. [10] [11] [12] [13] As described in the section about its range, the vast majority of its speakers identify as Bulgarians. In the context of Bulgarian dialectology, the dialect is situated East of the Yat boundary and thus is considered to belong to the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, more exactly to the Rup subgroup [14] [15]

The previous range of the dialect included vast areas of northeastern Greece, [16] [17] [18] [19] in what is today known as Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. However, considering the mass migration towards Bulgaria in the period from 1912 to 1926, it is unclear to what extent, and if at all, the dialect is preserved in Greece. The only certain region where it is currently spoken is the southeastern quarter of Pirin Macedonia, i.e. in the town of Gotse Delchev and the surrounding municipalities.

Relationship to standard Bulgarian and standard Macedonian

The Serres-Nevrokop dialect possesses features (cf. table) which are typical for the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, including я/е (ʲa/ɛ) reflexes of Old Church Slavonic ѣ, [15] [20] щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) reflexes of Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ, [20] ъ (ə) reflex of Old Church Slavonic ѫ (yus) and ъ, [20] [21] ръ (rə)/лъ (lə) reflexes of Old Church Slavonic ръ/рь and лъ/ль, [20] [21] retention of h in the stem, [8] [9] [21] strong vowel reduction, etc. and none of those typical for Macedonian. The following is a table of the main phonological and grammatical features which differentiate standard Bulgarian and standard Macedonian, compared with the corresponding features of the Serres-Nevrokop dialect, as well as two Western Bulgarian dialects.

Comparison of the Serres-Nevrokop dialect with Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian
ParameterSerres-Nevrokop dialectStandard Bulgarian (based on Eastern Bulgarian)Standard MacedonianDupnitsa dialectSamokov dialectEnglish
Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ—Old Church Slavonic щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)—леща/междущ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)—леща/междуќ/ѓ (c/ɟ)—леќа/меѓущ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)—леща/междущ/жд (ʃt/ʒd)—леща/междуlentils/between
Proto-Slavic *ɡt/kt—Old Church Slavonic щ (ʃt)щ (ʃt)—нощщ (ʃt)—нощќ (c)—ноќщ (ʃt)—нощщ (ʃt)—нощnight
Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat)я/е (ʲa/ɛ)—бял/бели, sometimes even я/я (ʲa/ʲa)—бял/бяли (Drama) [22] я/е (ʲa/ɛ)—бял/белие (ɛ)—бел/белие (ɛ)—бел/белие (ɛ)—бел/белиwhite
Old Church Slavonic ѫ (yus), approx. ɔ̃ъ (ə)—мъжъ (ə)—мъжа (a)—мажа (a)—мажа (a)—мажman
Old Church Slavonic ъ (ə)ъ (ə)—сънъ (ə)—съно (ɔ)—соно (ɔ)—сона (a)—санdream
Old Church Slavonic ръ/рьръ/ър (rə/ər)—връх, кръфръ/ър (rə/ər)—връх, кръвvocalic r—врв, крвvocalic r—врх, крфvocalic r—врх, крфsummit, blood
Old Church Slavonic лъ/льъл (əl)—сълзалъ/ъл (lə/əl)—сълзаoл (ɔl)—солзаvocalic l/ъ (ə)—слза/съза depending on regionу (u)—сузаtear
Old Church Slavonic x /x/Preserved—бях, хубавоPreserved—бях, хубавоLost or replaced by ф/в (f/v)—бев, убавоPreserved—бех, убавоPreserved—бех, убавоwas, nice
Vowel reductionYesYesNoNoNo
Definite articleSingle definite article—момчетоSingle definite article—момчетоTriple definite article—момчето, момчево, момченоSingle definite article—момчетоSingle definite article—момчетоthe boy
Ending of verbs in 1st person sing. present timeа (я)—1st and 2nd conjugation, ам (ям)—3rd—чета, пишаа (я)—1st and 2nd conjugation, ам (ям)—3rd—чета, пишаonly ам—читам, пишувама—1st and 2nd conjugation, ам—3rd—четем, пишемonly (и/е)м—четем, пишем(I) read, (I) write
Formation of past perfect tenseбях + past participle—бях писал, бях молилбях + past participle—бях писал, бях молилимам + past passive aorist participle—имам пишано, имам моленобeх + past participle—бех писал, бех молилбех + past participle—бех писал, бeх молил(I) had read, (I) had written
Word stressDynamic—доби́тък, пера́Dynamic—доби́тък, пера́Fixed antepenultimate—до́биток, пе́рамDynamic—доби́ток, пере́мDynamic—доби́ток, пере́мcattle, (I) wash

Past and present range, emigration and expulsion to Bulgaria

Before the Balkan wars, the range of the Serres-Nevrokop dialect was estimated to include the regions of Serres, Drama, Nevrokop and a small part of the Thessaloniki region. [23] This range included approx. 170,000 speakers on the territory of modern Greece (150,000 Christian and 20,000 Muslim Bulgarians or Pomaks) and 25,000 speakers on the territory of modern Bulgaria (10,000 Christians and 15,000 Muslims). [24] However, Kanchov indicates that at least some of these were bilingual and subject to strong Hellenization, including the Slavic population of the towns of Drama, Serres, Lagkadas, as well as of several villages around Lagadina. [25] There was substantial emigration towards Bulgaria even before the Balkan wars, approx. 50,000 [26] Bulgarians from Macedonia lived in Bulgaria in 1900; however, there is no data as to how many of these came from the regions identified above.

The region suffered heavy devastation during the Second Balkan War. A total of 260 Bulgarian villages in the regions of Drama and Serres were set on fire by the advancing Greek troops, with their inhabitants either slaughtered or expelled to Bulgaria. [27] By the end of 1913, Bulgaria had received approx. 50,000 refugees from Greek Macedonia, [28] the vast majority of them from the most affected regions of Kilkis, Serres and Drama. Emigration continued in 1914 and during and after World War I. Additional 60,000 to 90,000 Bulgarians from Greek Macedonia (out of 90,000 to 120,000 people, 32,000 of which were from Western Thrace) emigrated to Bulgaria at the beginning of the 1920s according to the Mollov-Kafandaris Agreement. [29]

Thus, refugees from Greek Macedonia comprised at least 110,000 to 140,000 of the 250,000 [30] officially registered Bulgarian refugees between 1912 and 1916, or slightly more than a third to slightly less than half of the pre-war Christian Bulgarian (referred to as ethnic Macedonian in the Republic of Macedonia) population of Greek Macedonia identified at approx. 320,000 by Kanchov. [31] Considering that the number of refugees from Eastern Thrace and Western Thrace was approx. 50,000 [32] and slightly more than 30,000, respectively, and that there were no mass expulsions from Serbian Macedonia and Southern Dobruja, the number of refugees from Greek Macedonia was probably higher. Furthermore, the data from the Bulgarian refugee agency includes only officially registered refugees and omits people who did not register as such.

According to Hugh Poulton, the patterns of migration to Bulgaria differed across the different parts of Greek Macedonia. The majority of the Slavs roughly East of the Vardar (including the region where the Serres-Nevrokop dialect was spoken) either fled or, later, immigrated to Bulgaria, whereas the majority of the Slavs West of Vardar remained in Greece and only a minority resettled to Bulgaria. [29] The large-scale migration is corroborated by the data collected during the Bulgarian occupation of northeastern Greece during World War II.

The Bulgarian authorities counted only 37,000 Bulgarians [33] during the 1941 census in the Bulgarian-occupied zone (which practically coincided with the range of the Serres-Nevrokop dialect), even including bilingual persons and returnees from Bulgaria, down from more than 170,000 before the Balkan Wars. According to the Bulgarian statistics, of approx. 698,000 [30] Bulgarians who immigrated to Bulgaria from 1878 to 1945, 200,000 [34] came from Greek Macedonia, which is equal to between half and two-thirds of the Slavic population of Greek Macedonia before the Balkan Wars. As evidenced above, the vast majority of the refugees and migrants came from the eastern part of Greek Macedonia.[ citation needed ]

Considering the above, as well as the strong Greek assimilation pressure, evident also before the Balkan Wars, it is generally unlikely for the Serres-Nevrokop dialect to be preserved in any significant numbers in its former territory in Greece.[ citation needed ] Thus, the only certain present range is in the southeastern part of Pirin Macedonia, as well as among descendants of refugees from the region in other parts of Bulgaria. The overwhelming majority of the speakers of the dialect in Pirin Macedonia identify as Bulgarians, [35] while less than 1.0% of the population of the region (only region-wide data available) identify as ethnic Macedonians.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Balkan dialect</span> Dialect of Bulgarian

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The Panagyurishte dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, which is part of the Balkan group of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects. Its range includes the town of Panagyurishte, as well as a number of neighbouring villages. The most significant feature of the dialect, as in all Balkan dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) as or, depending on the character of the following syllable.

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The Hvoyna dialect is a Bulgarian dialect of the Rhodopean group of the Rup dialects. Its range includes the northern part of the Central Rhodopes and the town of Batak in the Western Rhodopes. Its immediate neighbours are the Central Balkan dialect to the north, the Smolyan dialect to the south and the Rhodopean Chepino dialect to the west.

The Zlatograd dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Rup or Southeastern Bulgarian dialects. The Zlatograd dialect is spoken in the southwestern part of the Eastern Rhodopes, i.e. in the town of Zlatograd, as well as a number of neighbouring villages and towns, e.g. Nedelino, Kirkovo, etc. The Zlatograd dialect is most closely related to the eastern and western Rup dialects, but also shares a number of phonological and morphological characteristics with the Rhodopean dialects. Thus, it is usually considered to be transitional between the two groups.

The Babyak dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Rup or Southeastern Bulgarian dialects. It is spoken in several mountainous villages on the western fringes of the Rhodopes and is thus sandwiched between the Chepino dialect on the east and northeast and the Razlog dialect to the south and west. It shares a number of phonological characteristics with both the Rup and the Southwestern dialects. Because of its specific reflexes of Old Church Slavonic yat, it is generally classified as a Rup dialect but is actually transitional between the two dialectal groups.

The Razlog dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Rup dialects. Its range includes the valley of Razlog in southwestern Bulgaria and its immediate neighbours are the Rup Serres-Nevrokop dialect to the south, the Babyak dialect to the east, the Samokov and Ihtiman dialects to the north and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect to the west. It shares a number of phonological characteristics with both the Rup and the Southwestern dialects. This is the dialect through which the Bulgarian language became known to modern science, because in 1822 the creator of the modern Serbian language Vuk Karadžić published in Vienna Dodatak k sankpeterburgskim sravnitelnim rijechnicima sviju jezika i narijechija s osobitom ogledom Bugarskog jezika ;("An addition to the St. Petersburg comparative dictionaries of all languages and dialects with a particular sample of the Bulgarian language"), in which are placed 273 words, a short grammar, 27 folk songs and 2 chapters of the gospel, which he wrote and said to him pravi bugarin iz Razloga;("a real Bulgarian from Razlog").

The Teteven dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, which is part of the Balkan group of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects. It is spoken in the town of Teteven and several neighbouring villages and is almost completely surrounded by the Central Balkan dialect, except on the west where it borders on the Western Bulgarian Botevgrad dialect. The most significant feature of the dialect, as in all Balkan dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) as or, depending on the character of the following syllable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwestern Bulgarian dialects</span> Group of dialects of Bulgarian

The Southwestern Bulgarian dialects are a group of Bulgarian dialects which are located west of the yat boundary and are part of the Western Bulgarian dialects. The range of the Southwestern dialects on the territory of Bulgaria includes most of west central and southwestern Bulgaria. The Southwestern dialects border on the Northwestern dialects to the north, the Transitional dialects to the northwest and the Balkan dialects and the Rup dialects to the northeast and southeast, respectively. If the Macedonian language is regarded as a third literary form of Modern Bulgarian, then the Southwestern dialects extend west and southwest to include the Slavic dialects in Vardar Macedonia and the western half of Greek Macedonia. Should the Macedonian language be counted as a separate language, then the southernmost dialect of the group, the Blagoevgrad-Petrich or Pirin dialect, along with the corresponding variety on the Macedonian side of the border, the Maleshevo dialect, constitute a transitional dialect between Bulgarian and Macedonian. A defining characteristic of the Southwestern dialects is the gradual transition from one dialect to another, as well as to dialects which belong to other dialectal groups. For example, the Dupnitsa dialect is transitional to both the Samokov dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, the Botevgrad dialect is transitional to the Eastern Bulgarian Balkan dialects, and especially to the Pirdop dialect, etc. etc.

The Belogradchik dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Transitional dialects, which is spoken on the westernmost northern slopes of the Balkan mountains in northwestern Bulgaria. It borders on the Northwestern Byala Slatina-Pleven and Vidin-Lom dialect and north, the Sofia dialect to the southeast and the Serbian Torlak dialect to the southwest.

References

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  2. ↑ Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.
  4. ↑ K. Sandfeld, Balkanfilologien (Copenhagen, 1926, MCMXXVI).
  5. ↑ Белешки за говорот на селото Балевец (Лагадинско). Зборник на трудови посветени на академик Блаже Конески. Скопје: МАНУ, 1995, стр. 9–27.
  6. ↑ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  7. 1 2 Стойков, Стойко. Българска диалектология, София 2002, с. 170–186
  8. 1 2 str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S. Bojkovska, D. Pandev, L. Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž. Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
  9. 1 2 The Sociolinguistics of Literary Macedonian, Victor A. Friedman, The University of Chicago
  10. ↑ Victor Friedman, "Macedonian", in: Comrie, Bernard and Corbett, Greville G. (1993) The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge ISBN   0-415-04755-2 and
  11. ↑ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.259.
  12. ↑ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.
  13. ↑ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  14. ↑ Mladenov, St. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache. Berlin and Leipzig, 1929, 13, 92–96, 317–318;
  15. 1 2 VanWijk, N. Zur Grenze zwischen dem Ost- und Westbulgarischen. — Archiv für slav. philologie, 39, 1925, 3–4, 212–216;
  16. ↑ Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  17. ↑ Božidar Vidoeski, Фонолошки опис на говорог на селошо Плевна (Серско). ГЗбФ-лФ, 1978, 4, стр. 37–46.
  18. ↑ Божидар Видоески, Секавец (ОЛА 113). Fonološki opisi, 1981, стр. 811–816.
  19. ↑ Говорот на селото Секавец (диј. С'áкавиц), Серско. ПрилОЛЛН, МАНУ, 1990, XV, 1, стр. 41–82.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  21. 1 2 3 Friedman, Victor A., "Macedonian," in Comrie, Bernard and Corbett, Greville G. (1993) The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge ISBN   0-415-04755-2
  22. ↑ The use of ʲa is more wide-spread than in Standard Bulgarian, e.g. ряка/rʲaka/, чувяк/t͡ʃuvʲak/ [river, human] where Standard Bulgarian has ɛ): река/rɛka/, човек/t͡ʃuvɛk/
  23. ↑ Kanchov, V. Makedonia. Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia, 1900, p. 37
  24. ↑ Kanchov, V. Makedonia. Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia, 1900, p. 282
  25. ↑ Kanchov, V. Makedonia. Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia, 1900, p. 75
  26. ↑ Kanchov, V. Makedonia. Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia, 1900, p. 24
  27. ↑ Carnegie Endowment for International peace (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes And Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International peace.
  28. ↑ Carnegie Endowment for International peace (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International peace.
  29. 1 2 Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who are the Macedonians? C. Hurst and co. Publishers
  30. 1 2 Mintchev, Vesselin (October 1999). "External Migration... in Bulgaria". South-East Europe Review (3/99): 124. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
  31. ↑ Kanchov, V. Makedonia. Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia, 1900, p. 281-283
  32. ↑ Özgür-Baklacioglu, Nurcan. "Dual Citizenship, Extraterritorial Elections and National Policies: Turkish Dual Citizens in the Bulgarian-Turkish Political Sphere" (PDF). p. 338. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  33. ↑ Yonchev, Dimitar. "Bulgaria and the Aegean Coast" . Retrieved 15 July 2008.[ dead link ]
  34. ↑ Д. Дончев, Хр. Каракашев (2007).Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България. Сборник материали за средношколци и кандидатстуденти 2007/2008 г. Сиела, С., 2007.
  35. ↑ "Population as of 1 March 2001 Divided by Provinces and Ethnic Group" (in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute. 2001. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
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