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Yue is a branch of the Sinitic languages primarily spoken in Southern China,particularly in the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
There are hundreds of local Chinese language varieties forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family,many of which are not mutually intelligible. Variation is particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast part of mainland China. The varieties are typically classified into several groups:Mandarin,Wu,Min,Xiang,Gan,Jin,Hakka and Yue,though some varieties remain unclassified. These groups are neither clades nor individual languages defined by mutual intelligibility,but reflect common phonological developments from Middle Chinese.
Beihai is a prefecture-level city in the south of Guangxi,People's Republic of China. Its status as a seaport on the north shore of the Gulf of Tonkin has granted it historical importance as a port of international trade for Guangxi,Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan,Guizhou,and Yunnan. Between the years 2006 and 2020,Beihai is predicted to be the world's fastest growing city. Beihai has a large shipyard,but most of the money generated in the city is derived from trade.
The Baiyue,Hundred Yue,or simply Yue,were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of Southern China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair,body tattoos,fine swords,and naval prowess.
Pinghua is a pair of Sinitic languages spoken mainly in parts of Guangxi,with some speakers in Hunan. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi,spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers are officially classified as Zhuang,and many are genetically distinct from most other Han Chinese. The northern subgroup is centered on Guilin and the southern subgroup around Nanning. The Southern dialect has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones,and using various loanwords from the Zhuang languages,such as the final particle wei for imperative sentences.
The Tankas or boat people are a sinicised ethnic group in Southern China who traditionally lived on junks in coastal parts of Guangdong,Guangxi,Fujian,Hainan,Shanghai,Zhejiang and along the Yangtze river,as well as Hong Kong,and Macau. The boat people are referred to with other different names outside of Guangdong. Though many now live onshore,some from the older generations still live on their boats and pursue their traditional livelihood of fishing. Historically,the Tankas were considered outcasts. Since they were boat people who lived by the sea,they were sometimes referred to as "sea gypsies" by both Chinese and British. Tanka origins can be traced back to the native ethnic minorities of southern China known historically as the Baiyue who may have taken refuge on the sea and gradually assimilated into Han Chinese culture. However,Tanka have preserved many of their native traditions not found in Han culture.
The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic,cultural,ethnic,genetic,and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is:"minxi",used in mainland China or "zuqun",used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups,in Taiwan only three subgroups,Hoklo,Hakka and Waishengren are recognized.
Pang uk is a kind of stilt house found in Tai O,Lantau Island,Hong Kong. Pang uk are built on water or on small beaches.
Punti is a Cantonese endonym referring to the native Cantonese people of Guangdong and Guangxi. Punti designates Weitou dialect-speaking locals in contrast to other Yue Chinese speakers and others such as Taishanese people,Hoklo people,Hakka people,and ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang people of Guangxi and the boat-dwelling Tanka people,who are both descendants of the Baiyue –although the Tanka have largely assimilated into Han Chinese culture.
The Sinitic languages,often synonymous with the Chinese languages,are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute a major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family. This view is rejected by some researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Macro-Bai languages,whose classification is difficult,may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic;otherwise,Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a shared historical background,and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages,rather than variants of a single language.
Indigenous inhabitants are people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898,before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory was signed,a resident of an established village in the New Territories of Hong Kong.
Fangchenggang is a prefecture-level city in the south of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,People's Republic of China. The city was formerly called "Fangcheng Pan-Ethnicities Autonomous County".
Fuzhou Tanka,or Boat People,are from Fujian,China. A branch of the Tanka people,they traditionally lived on sampans in the lower course of Min River and the coast of Fuzhou in Fujian Province most of their lives and have been officially recognized as Han Chinese since 1955.
Yong–Xun,is a western branch of Yue Chinese spoken in some cities and towns in Guangxi province,including Nanning,Yongning,Guiping,Chongzuo,Ningming,Hengzhou,Baise,etc. This branch originates from Guangfu Yue and is therefore close to Standard Cantonese. It also absorbed some phonemes and words from the local languages Pinghua and Zhuang.
The Qin–Lian language is a southern branch of Yue Chinese spoken in the coastal part of Guangxi,including 3 main cities:Beihai,Qinzhou,Fangchenggang,and four subject counties:Hepu,Pubei,Lingshan,Dongxing.
Yuehai is the main branch of Yue Chinese,spoken in the Pearl River Delta of the province of Guangdong,as well as Hong Kong and Macau. It is commonly called Cantonese,though that name is more precisely applied to the Guangzhou topolect of Yuehai.
Goulou is one of the principal groups of Yue dialects. It is spoken around the Guangxi–Guangdong border,and includes the dialects of Yulin and Bobai.
The Wugang dialect is an Old Xiang Chinese dialect spoken in Wugang,Hunan in China.
The Huizhou dialect is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around Huicheng District,the traditional urban centre of Huizhou,Guangdong. The locals also call the dialect Bendihua and distinguish it from the dialect spoken in Meixian and Danshui,Huiyang,which they call Hakka.
The Old Yue language is an unattested,unclassified language,or group(s) of various languages,spoken in ancient southern China,and northern Vietnam circa 700 BCE or later. It can refer to Yue,which was spoken in the realm of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. It can also refer to the different languages spoken by the Baiyue. Possible languages spoken by them may have been of Kra–Dai,Hmong–Mien,Austronesian,Austroasiatic and other origins.
References
- ↑ Sousa, Hilário de (2022-03-25). "On Pinghua and Yue: Some Historical and Linguistic Perspectives". Crossroads. 19 (2): 257–295. doi:10.1163/26662523-bja10004. ISSN 2190-8796.
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