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Yue is a group of similar Sinitic languages spoken in Southern China,particularly in Liangguang.
Chinese,also known as Sinitic,is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local varieties,many of which are not mutually intelligible. Variation is particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast of mainland China. The varieties are typically classified into several groups:Mandarin,Wu,Min,Xiang,Gan,Hakka and Yue,though some varieties remain unclassified. These groups are neither clades nor individual languages defined by mutual intelligibility,but reflect common phonological developments from Middle Chinese.
Beihai is a prefecture-level city in the south of Guangxi,People's Republic of China. Its status as a seaport on the north shore of the Gulf of Tonkin has granted it historical importance as a port of international trade for Guangxi,Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan,Guizhou,and Yunnan. Between the years 2006 and 2020,Beihai is predicted to be the world's fastest growing city. Beihai has a large shipyard,but most of the money generated in the city is derived from trade.
The Wu languages is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai,Zhejiang Province,and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River,which makes up the cultural region of Wu. The Suzhou dialect was the prestige dialect of Wu as of the 19th century,and formed the basis of Wu's koinédialect,Shanghainese,at the turn of the 20th century. Speakers of various Wu languages sometimes inaccurately labelled their mother tongue as "Shanghainese" when introduced to foreigners. The languages of Northern Wu are mutually intelligible with each other,while those of Southern Wu are not.
Macanese patois,known as patuá to its speakers,is a Portuguese-based creole language with a substrate from Cantonese,Malay and Sinhala,which was originally spoken by the Macanese community of the Portuguese colony of Macau. It is now spoken by a few families in Macau and in the Macanese diaspora.
Pinghua is a pair of Sinitic languages spoken mainly in parts of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,with some speakers in Hunan province. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi,where it is spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers of Pinghua are officially classified as Zhuang,and many are genetically distinct from most other Han Chinese. The northern subgroup of Pinghua is centered on Guilin and the southern subgroup around Nanning. Southern Pinghua has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones,and using various loanwords from the Zhuang languages,such as the final particle wei for imperative sentences.
The Tankas or boat people are a sinicised ethnic group in Southern China who have traditionally lived on junks in coastal parts of Guangdong,Guangxi,Fujian,Hainan,Shanghai,Zhejiang and along the Yangtze river,as well as Hong Kong,and Macau. The boat people are referred to with other different names outside of Guangdong. Though many now live onshore,some from the older generations still live on their boats and pursue their traditional livelihood of fishing. Historically,the Tankas were considered to be outcasts. Since they were boat people who lived by the sea,they were sometimes referred to as "sea gypsies" by both Chinese and British. Tanka origins can be traced back to the native ethnic minorities of southern China known historically as the Baiyue who may have taken refuge on the sea and gradually assimilated into Han culture. However,Tanka have preserved many of their native traditions that are not found in Han Chinese culture.
The subgroups of the Han Chinese people are defined based on linguistic,cultural,ethnic,genetic and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is:"minxi",used in Mainland China or "zuqun",used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups. Scholars like James W. Hayes have described the Han Chinese subgroups as "ethnic groups" outright,at least in the context of Hong Kong society.
Pang uk is a kind of stilt house found in Tai O,Lantau Island,Hong Kong. Pang uk are built on water or on small beaches.
Punti is a Cantonese endonym referring to the native Cantonese people of Guangdong and Guangxi. Punti designates Weitou dialect-speaking locals in contrast to other Yue Chinese speakers and others such as Taishanese people,Hoklo people,Hakka people,and ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang people of Guangxi and the boat-dwelling Tanka people,who are both descendants of the Baiyue –although the Tanka have largely assimilated into Han Chinese culture.
The Hainan people,also known as Hainam nang or Hainanese people,is a geographic term referring to the natives of Hainan,the southernmost and smallest Chinese province. The term "Hainanese" was frequently used to refer to all natives of Hainan island. Hainam Min speakers often refer to themselves as Qiongwen to distinguish themselves from other groups of Hainan such as the Cantonese,the Tanka,the Hlai,etc.
The Sinitic languages (漢語族/汉语族),often synonymous with "Chinese languages",are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family. This view is rejected by a number of researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Greater Bai languages,whose classification is difficult,may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic;otherwise Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a common writing system,and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages,rather than variants of a single language.
Indigenous inhabitants refers to the people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898,before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory was signed,a resident of an established village in the New Territories of Hong Kong. They have special rights to preserve their customs. When the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997,these special rights were preserved under the Hong Kong Basic Law.
Article 40 of the Basic Law
Fuzhou Tanka,or Boat People,are from Fujian,China. A branch of the Tanka people,they traditionally lived on sampans in the lower course of Min River and the coast of Fuzhou in Fujian Province most of their lives and have been officially recognized as Han Chinese since 1955.
Yong–Xun,is a western branch of Yue Chinese spoken in some cities and towns in Guangxi province,including Nanning,Yongning,Guiping,Chongzuo,Ningming,Hengzhou,Baise,etc. This branch originates from Guangfu Yue and is therefore close to Standard Cantonese. It also absorbed some phonemes and words from the local languages Pinghua and Zhuang.
Qin–LianLanguages Group is a southern branch of Yue Chinese spoken in the coastal part of Guangxi,including 3 main cities:Beihai,Qinzhou,Fangchenggang,and 4 subject counties:Hepu,Pubei,Lingshan,Dongxing.
Yuehai is the main branch of Yue Chinese,spoken in the Pearl River Delta of the province of Guangdong,as well as Hong Kong and Macau. It is commonly called Cantonese,though that name is more precisely applied to the Guangzhou topolect of Yuehai.
Goulou is one of the principal groups of Yue dialects. It is spoken around the Guangxi–Guangdong border,and includes the dialects of Yulin and Bobai.
The Huizhou dialect is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around Huicheng District,the traditional urban centre of Huizhou,Guangdong. The locals also call the dialect Bendihua and distinguish it from the dialect spoken in Meixian and Danshui,Huiyang,which they call Hakka.
The Old Yue language is an unknown unclassified language. It can refer to Yue,which was spoken in the realm of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. It can also refer to the variety of different languages spoken by the Baiyue. Possible languages spoken by them may have been of Kra–Dai,Hmong–Mien,Austronesian,Austroasiatic and other origins.
References
- ↑ Sousa, Hilário de (2022-03-25). "On Pinghua and Yue: Some Historical and Linguistic Perspectives". Crossroads. 19 (2): 257–295. doi:10.1163/26662523-bja10004. ISSN 2190-8796.
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