Sheikh Jarrah controversy

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OCHA map of Palestinian communities under threat of eviction in East Jerusalem, as at 2016. Three areas of Sheikh Jarrah are identified: Im Haroun, Karm al-Jaouni and central Sheikh Jarrah. OCHAoPT map of evictions in East Jerusalem as at 2016.pdf
OCHA map of Palestinian communities under threat of eviction in East Jerusalem, as at 2016. Three areas of Sheikh Jarrah are identified: Im Haroun, Karm al-Jaouni and central Sheikh Jarrah.
Checkpoints since 3 May 2021 at Karm Al Jaouni area of Sheikh Jarrah Karm Al Jaouni, Sheikh Jarrah.jpg
Checkpoints since 3 May 2021 at Karm Al Jaouni area of Sheikh Jarrah

The Sheikh Jarrah controversy, which has been described as a "property/real estate dispute" by the Israeli government and its supporters, [1] and as an "expulsion", "displacement" or "ethnic cleansing" event and a matter of international law by Palestinians and their supporters, [2] [3] is a long-running legal and political dispute between Palestinians and Israelis over the ownership of certain properties and housing units in Sheikh Jarrah, East Jerusalem. The evictions are considered a contributory cause of the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. [4] [5]

Contents

It has been described as a microcosm of the Israeli–Palestinian disputes over land since 1948, [6] [7] with academic Kristen Alff noting "To describe dispossessions in Sheikh Jarrah as a "real estate" quarrel conceals the true history of land ownership in the regions – which is complicated, disputed and rarely decided in favor of Palestinians." [8] In East Jerusalem, Israel's laws allow Jews to file claims over property held prior to 1948, but reject Palestinian claims over property that they owned prior to 1948 in Israel proper. [9] [10] [11] According to Middle East Eye , the dispute is part of the Israeli government's Holy Basin settlement strategy. [12] Aryeh King, a deputy mayor of Jerusalem and one of the founders of the Ma'ale HaZeitim settler compound, told The New York Times that the eviction of Palestinian families was "of course" part of a municipal strategy to create "layers of Jews" throughout East Jerusalem. [13] Many Palestinian families in East Jerusalem have been affected by "forced relocation processes or been involved in lengthy legal procedures to revoke an eviction order". [14]

The property in Sheikh Jarrah in dispute includes the adjacent Shimon HaTzadik/Karm Al-Ja’ouni and Um Haroun (former Nahalat Shimon) compounds to the East and West respectively of the Nablus Road. In the former, the Palestinian residents of Sheikh Jarrah were refugees who received plots of land in a UNRWA lottery, relinquishing in return their refugee documents and accompanying rights. They have no right under Israeli law to repossess their pre-1948 homes in Haifa, Sarafand and Jaffa. [15] [16] The Palestinian view is that given Sheikh Jarrah's location beyond the Green Line or Israel proper, Israeli courts have no jurisdiction over land disputes in what is occupied territory according to international law, and that the displacement of people in occupied territory is a war crime under the Rome Statute. [17] The United Nations Human Rights Office has said that as Sheikh Jarrah is in East Jerusalem, which is considered occupied territory, international humanitarian law prohibits the confiscation of private property and evictions of Palestinian families could constitute war crimes. [18]

Background

In 1876, during the Ottoman Era, the Sephardi Community Council and the Ashkenazi General Council of the Congregation of Israel jointly purchased land that included the Tomb of Simeon the Just and the Cave of the Minor Sanhedrin. The property was registered with the Ottoman authorities in the name of Rabbi Avraham Ashkenazi, for the Sephardic Jews, and Rabbi Meir Auerbach, for the Ashkenazi Jews. [16] : 17-18  [19] The cave tomb of Simeon the Just (or Shimon HaTzadik) was traditionally thought to be the burial of a noted Jewish high priest. According to scholarly consensus, based on an in situ inscription, it is actually the 2nd-century CE burial site of a Roman matron named Julia Sabina. [20] [21]

In 1890 the cornerstone was laid for the construction of a neighborhood called Shimon HaTzadik in the portion belonging to the Sephardic community, east of Nablus Road. In 1891 construction of Nahalat Shimon began to the west of Nablus Road. [16] : 18-19 

Some Palestinians have disputed prior Jewish ownership and have produced Ottoman-era land titles for part of the land. [22] An Israeli court has stated that the document of Jewish ownership was authentic and the Arab documents forged. [23] [ better source needed ]

Jews in Nahalat Shimon on their way to the Tomb of Simeon the Just, 1927 Jews throng to the tomb of Simeon the Just, 1927.jpg
Jews in Nahalat Shimon on their way to the Tomb of Simeon the Just, 1927

In 1947, there were about 100 Jewish houses in the neighborhood.[ citation needed ] East Jerusalem came under Jordanian rule following the 1948 War. The evacuated Jewish residents were resettled in Palestinian homes in West Jerusalem. [24]

The Ashkenazi portion of the property south of the tomb remained open space, and in 1956, 28 housing units for Palestinian refugees were constructed there. The Jordanian government agreed with the United Nations Palestinian relief agency UNRWA to house 28 Palestinian refugee families. [25] These Palestinian families had previously lived in Haifa and Jaffa but had been displaced in 1948. [26]

In 1948, approximately 750,000 Palestinians were displaced from their homes, and about 400 Palestinian towns and villages were depopulated, in areas which fell under Israeli control. In West Jerusalem the overwhelming mass of the wealthy Palestinian community, some 28,000, of which only roughly 750 (mostly Greeks and Christians) were permitted to remain, fled or were expelled; and their property was ransacked, subsequently confiscated and distributed to Jews. [27] In the same period, during the 1948 War, the residents of the Jewish residents at Shimon HaTzadik and Nahalat Shimon were evacuated after the Jewish Haganah militia, later seconded by the British authorities, asked them to do so for security reasons. [16] : 23  Altogether more than 10,000 Jews, including 2000 civilians from the Old City, were forced to leave their homes in Arab-controlled areas and relocate to areas within the Israeli side of the armistice line. [28] According to one of the evacuees, Justice Emeritus Michael Ben-Yair, all these Jewish evacuees from Sheikh Jarrah were given Palestinian homes in West Jerusalem in compensation. [29] [30] 10,000 mostly fully-furnished Palestinian homes in the western sector of Jerusalem alone were occupied, and their original owners and Palestinians with property in other parts of Mandatory Palestine and what later became Israel are denied the right to reclaim their property. [31] [27]

In a 1987 court decision, the two Jewish trust who had bought the land in 1876 were recognized as owner of that land, but the Palestinians living there were defined as protected tenants. [32]

In 1993 the two Jewish trusts began filing suits for payment of rental fees. In 2001 the Jerusalem Court accepted the trusts’ demand to evict tenants for non-payment of rent. [33]

Timeline of evictions

Sheikh Jarrah demonstration against eviction of Palestinian families, August 2010 Sheikh Jarrah Demonstration 6 August 2010 3.JPG
Sheikh Jarrah demonstration against eviction of Palestinian families, August 2010

Karm Al-Ja’ouni (Shimon HaTzadik)

In 2001, Israeli settlers moved into a sealed section of the al-Kurd family's house in the compound of Shimon HaTzadik and refused to leave, claiming the property was owned by Jews. [34] The dispute was heard by the Jerusalem District Court, which ruled in 2008 that the property belonged to the Sephardi Community Committee. The committee transferred the property to a settler organization called "Shimon's Estate". The court also ruled that the Arab families would have protected tenant status as long as they paid rent. However, the al-Kurds refused to pay rent to the settler association, leading to their eviction in November 2008. [34] [35]

The court ruling was based on an Ottoman-era bill of sale. Lawyers for the Jewish families argued that documents from the Ottoman Empire originally used to prove that a Jewish Sephardic organization had purchased the land in question in the 19th century are indeed valid. However, in 2009, after the court hearing had been finalised, the authenticity of these documents was challenged on the basis that the building had only been rented to the Sephardi group. [36] The lawyers for the Palestinians produced documents from Istanbul's Ottoman archives purporting to show that the Jewish organization that claims to own the land only rented it, and as such was not the rightful owner. The al-Kurd family claims that when they pressed the court to look at the new evidence, they were told "it's too late". [35] Moreover, the Palestinian families and their supporters maintained that Ottoman documents that Israel's Supreme Court had validated were in fact forgeries, and that the original ruling and therefore evictions relating to that ruling should be reversed. [37] [38] The lawyer for the Israeli families emphasized that the land deeds were authentic, according to many Israeli courts. [35] The Israeli court decision (resulting in the aforementioned evictions) stated that the document presented by the Palestinian families was a forgery, while the document of Jewish ownership was authentic. [23]

43 Palestinians were evicted in 2002, the Hanoun and Ghawi families in 2008, and the Shamasneh family in 2017. [39] In 2010, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected an appeal by Palestinian families who had lived in 57 housing units who had petitioned the court to have their ownership to the properties recognized. [40] These petitioners refused to pay rent to the recognised owners and carried out construction on the properties unauthorized by those who the courts had recognized as the owners, and were evicted. [41]

In August 2009, the al-Hanoun and al-Ghawi families were evicted from two homes in Sheikh Jarrah and Jewish families moved in after a Supreme Court ruling that the property was owned by Jews. The United Nations coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Robert Serry condemned the decision: "These actions heighten tensions and undermine international efforts to create conditions for fruitful negotiations to achieve peace." [42] The US State Department called it a violation of Israel's obligations under the Road map for peace. [43] Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat said "Tonight, while these new settlers from abroad will be accommodating themselves and their belongings in these Palestinian houses, 19 newly homeless children will have nowhere to sleep." [42] Yakir Segev of the Jerusalem municipal council responded: "This is a matter of the court. It is a civil dispute between Palestinian families and those of Israeli settlers, regarding who is the rightful owner of this property... Israeli law is the only law we are obliged to obey." [44]

The Palestinian families being evicted from Sheikh Jarrah owned property inside Israel (inside the Green Line), including in West Jerusalem, before 1948. Their properties were transferred to Israel under its Absentee Property Law. [16] Palestinian families have offered to leave Sheikh Jarrah if they could get their pre-1948 property back. Conversely, one evicted Palestinian offered his home in Sarafand, Israel, in exchange for acquiring ownership of his home in Sheikh Jarrah; he did not receive a response to his proposal. [16]

Palestinians and Israeli settlers clashed on 6 May 2021. Palestinian protesters had been holding nightly outdoor iftars. On 6 May, Israeli settlers and Otzma Yehudit set up a table across the street from the Palestinians. Social media videos showed both sides hurling rocks and chairs at each other. Israeli police intervened to keep the peace and arrested at least 7 people. [45] The pending evictions are considered a contributory cause of the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. [4] [5]

Israel's Supreme Court had been expected to deliver a ruling on 10 May 2021 on whether to uphold the eviction of Palestinian families from the Sheikh Jarrah neighbourhood that had been permitted by a lower court. The order covers 13 families, 58 people including 17 children. Six families were to be evicted by 2 May (subject to Supreme Court ruling) and a further seven families by 1 August. [39] On 9 May 2021, the Israeli Supreme Court delayed the expected decision on evictions for 30 days, after an intervention from Attorney General of Israel Avichai Mandelblit. [46]

On 2 August 2021, the High Court of Justice urged four Sheikh Jarrah families to accept a compromise deal that would nullify eviction orders and allow them to remain in their homes, but would require the families to recognise Israeli ownership of the properties. The court asked the families to consider an offer by which one member of each family would be granted lifetime protected tenancy on the property in exchange for annual payments of ₪ 1,500 (about US$420). Both Hamas and the Palestinian Authority pressured them to reject the deal. The families rejected the proposal, refusing to recognise Israeli ownership, and the hearing was adjourned. [47] [48] [49] [50] At a press briefing following the adjournment, US State Department spokesman Ned Price said "We have made this point before: Families should not be evicted from homes in which they have lived for decades." [51] [52]

On 2 August 2021, a number of Sheikh Jarrah families rejected a court proposal to stay as "protected tenants" but to recognize Israeli ownership and the hearing was adjourned. On 4 August, the families were asked to provide by 10 August 2021 a list of tenants in their household and their legal ties to the property in regards to the respective parties' claimed contracts with the Jordanian government. No date was set for any future hearing. [53] On 15 August 2021 the court temporarily suspended evictions of three families. [54] On 4 October 2021, the court presented a "detailed compromise proposal" intended to "end the threat of eviction for the foreseeable future". The court set a date of November 2 to consider the position further, in the meantime the parties might reach agreement between them or the court would ultimately rule based on the arguments and evidence presented. [55] On 2 November 2021, the Palestinians rejected the compromise and the court will now need to rule on the Palestinians' appeal against the eviction order. [56] [57]

Um Haroun (Nahalat Shimon)

The Salem family (currently 11 persons) have been living in their home for the past 70 years, were to be evicted on 29 December 2021. The head of the European Union's mission to the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Sven Kuhn von Burgsdorff, visited the family on 23 December and called the eviction "inhuman and unfair." Jerusalem city councilman Aryeh King, and his colleague Jonathan Yosef, two key settlement activists in Sheikh Jarrah assert they are the legal owners of the home, saying they had purchased the house from Jewish owners who had owned the house before 1948. The settlers requested, with the support of the police, a new date for the eviction for one of the days between January 20 and February 8, 2022, without announcing in advance on which day it will take place. [58] [59] According to WAFA, on January 21, 2022, a group of Israeli settlers led by King, under heavily armed police protection, re-installed barbed wires previously installed on 15 December, around the land as a prelude to the eviction. [60]

On 20 January 2022, eviction was set for a date between March 1 and April 1, 2022. [61] Since 12 February, Israeli police restricted exit and entry to the area and on 13 February, far-right politician Itamar Ben-Gvir set up a makeshift office next to the Salem home. [62] [63] On 18 February the UN's Humanitarian Country Team in Palestine met the family and in a press release stated "The United Nations has repeatedly called for a halt to forced evictions and demolitions in the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem... under humanitarian law, forcible transfers of protected persons by the occupying power are forbidden regardless of their motive,". [64] [65] On 19 February, the foreign ministers of the Munich Group, at the Munich Security Conference, said "“We stress the need to refrain from all unilateral measures that undermine the Two-State Solution and the prospects of a just and lasting peace, in particular the building and expansion of settlements, the confiscation of land and the eviction of Palestinians from their homes, including in East Jerusalem, as well as from any acts of violence and incitement," and "In this context, we stress that the rights of the residents of Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan neighborhoods with regard to their homes must be respected.". [66] On 22 February 2022, the court froze the eviction order pending the hearing of an appeal. [67]

Expropriations

Separately, on 1 November 2021, the Israeli supreme court ordered the confiscation of an unrelated 4,700 square metre property privately owned by Palestinians and located at the entry of Sheikh Jarrah, for the benefit of the Israeli municipality. [68]

In another case, on 18 January 2022, the Jerusalem municipality initially demolished a plant nursery owned by the Salahia family of seven adults and five children, returning in the early hours of 19 January to evict the family and demolishing their home drawing international attention and condemnation. The city and police said in a joint statement that "These illegal buildings had been preventing the construction of a school which can benefit the children of the entire Sheikh Jarrah community," The family said they purchased the property before 1967 and while they were unable to prove ownership, the municipality had anyway expropriated the property in 2017. Laura Wharton of the city council said "I protest, object and regret the conduct of the whole thing and expect the municipality and the government to begin treating every resident with equality and respect,". [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]

International law

The international community considers East Jerusalem to be Palestinian territory held under Israeli occupation. Israel effectively annexed the territory and considers it part of its capital city, though this move has been rejected by the international community. [74] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has called on Israel to stop all forced evictions of Palestinians from Sheikh Jarrah, saying that if carried out the expulsions of the Palestinians would violate Israel's responsibilities under international law which prohibit the transfer of civilians in to or out of occupied territory by the occupying power. A spokesman for the OHCHR said that such transfers may constitute a "war crime". [75] Human rights organizations have been critical of Israeli efforts to remove Palestinians from Sheikh Jarrah, with Human Rights Watch releasing a statement saying that the disparate rights between Palestinian and Jewish residents of East Jerusalem "underscores the reality of apartheid that Palestinians in East Jerusalem face." [76] Israeli human rights group estimate that over 1,000 Palestinian families are at risk of eviction in East Jerusalem. [77] On 16 February 2022, the speaker for the UN Secretary-General, Stéphane Dujarric, stated: "It is very important to de-escalate the tension and maintain self-control and tranquillity. We continuously ask the Israeli authorities to put an end to the policy of demolishing Palestinian homes and stop evicting Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah and anywhere else in the West Bank." [78] [79]

Israeli law

After East Jerusalem and the West Bank were captured and occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967, the status of properties in East Jerusalem that had previously been owned by Jews, as in Sheikh Jarrah, has been in dispute. At the time there were no Jews living in Sheikh Jarrah, all having been evacuated in 1948 and not permitted to return. Palestinian refugees who had been expelled or displaced from their homes in Jaffa and Haifa in the 1947–1949 Palestine war and their descendants were being housed in Sheikh Jarrah. [5] [80]

In 1970, on the other hand, Israel enacted a law to allow Jews to reclaim property which they owned in East Jerusalem, despite having already been given expropriated Palestinian-owned property in compensation. [81] This asymmetry has been pointed out by numerous observers. [82] This arrangement does not exist in the rest of the West Bank, as the Israeli government decided that it would create tension, risk public order and lead to equivalent and much more numerous claims by West Bank Palestinians to reclaim their property in Israel. [83]

In 1972, the Israeli Custodian General registered the properties under the Jewish trusts, the Sephardi Community Committee and the Committee of the Knesset of Israel, which demanded that the Palestinian residents pay rent to the trusts. In 1980, Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem, including the properties in question, and in consequence Israeli property laws commenced to apply to these properties. Under Israeli land and property laws, Israelis have the right to reclaim properties in East Jerusalem that had been owned by them before the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but the reverse does not apply. [84] [31] The Palestinian Authority does not recognise the Israeli annexation of Jerusalem and insists that Palestinian land laws apply to land transactions in East Jerusalem, which forbid any sale of land to Jews in the Palestinian territories. [85]

In 1982, the Palestinian residents signed an agreement accepting Jewish ownership of the land while being allowed to live there as protected tenants. The Palestinian residents have since repudiated the agreement, saying they were tricked into signing it, [86] and have ceased paying rent.

In 2003, according to Israeli investigative journalist Uri Blau, the trust properties with their six homes were purchased for $(US)3 million and registered through a pyramid of companies registered abroad, in tax havens such as Delaware and the Marshall Islands. Beneath these companies lies an Israeli firm, Nahalat Shimon Ltd., established in 2000. Corporate and legal records point to two important figures in the operation: a partner in the New York law firm, Braun & Goldberg, namely Seymour Braun as company director and Tzahi Mamo, an Ofra settler and realtor specializing in the purchase of West Bank properties and the eviction of their residents. [87] The right-wing Nahalat Shimon settler association, [86] associated with the company has since made repeated attempts to evict the Palestinian residents to enable Jewish settlers to move in.

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References

  1. ↑ Hurst, Luke (20 May 2021). "Sheikh Jarrah: Small neighbourhood making big impact in Gaza conflict". Euronews. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021. What is happening in Sheikh Jarrah has been characterised by the settlers and their supporters as a mere property dispute.
    Lucy Garbett, 'I live in Sheikh Jarrah. For Palestinians, this is not a ‘real estate dispute’ Archived 25 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian , 17 May 2021: "There have been many attempts to portray the cases of dispossession in Jerusalem, and Sheikh Jarrah specifically, as isolated, individual incidents, painting them as "real estate disputes" that drag on for years in court. But for Palestinians, Sheikh Jarrah is simply a microcosm of life in Jerusalem. It symbolises the continuing ethnic cleansing of our land and homes."
    Haynes Brown, 'The latest Israel-Palestine crisis isn't a 'real estate dispute'. It's ethnic cleansing', Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine MSNBC, 11 May 2021: "Regrettably, the PA" — the Palestinian Authority — "and Palestinian terror groups are presenting a real-estate dispute between private parties, as a nationalistic cause, in order to incite violence in Jerusalem," the ministry said in a statement Saturday, two days after anger in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of east Jerusalem began to boil over. Calling the catalyst of all this a 'real estate dispute' is a particularly noxious way to diminish what's actually occurring: Nahalat Shimon, a U.S.-based settler organization, is trying to have Palestinians who have lived in the neighborhood since 1956 evicted."
    Patrick Kingsley,'Israeli Court Delays Expulsion of Palestinian Families in East Jerusalem,' Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times , 9 May 2021
  2. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (7 June 2021). "A House Divided: A Palestinian, a Settler and the Struggle for East Jerusalem". The New York Times.
  3. ↑ "Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The New York Times . 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 Kingsley, Patrick (7 May 2021). "Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The New York Times . Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 Rubin, Shira (9 May 2021). "How a Jerusalem neighborhood reignited the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Washington Post . Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Seth Frantzman, 9 May 2021, Why the Sheikh Jarrah dispute has captured international attention Archived 10 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine , The Jewish Chronicle
  7. ↑ Daventry, Michael (4 August 2021). "Sheikh Jarrah explained: why it's more than just a property dispute". jewishnews.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  8. ↑ Alff, Kristen (14 June 2021). "Property disputes in Israel come with a complicated back story – and tend to end with Palestinian dispossession". The Conversation. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  9. ↑ Jadallah, Dina (15 January 2014). "Colonialist Construction in the Urban Space of Jerusalem". The Middle East Journal . 68 (1): 77–98. doi:10.3751/68.1.14. ISSN   0026-3141. S2CID   144192838.
  10. ↑ "What has caused Jerusalem's worst violence in years?". The Guardian. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021. Under Israeli law, Jews who can prove pre-1948 title can claim back their Jerusalem properties. No similar law exists for Palestinians who lost homes in West Jerusalem.
  11. ↑ Evan Gottesman, Forward, 10 May 2021, The fights over Sheikh Jarrah reveal the folly of relitigating Israel's founding Archived 12 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Sheikh Jarrah explained: The past and present of East Jerusalem neighbourhood Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Eye
  13. ↑ Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 7 May 2021
  14. ↑ Meir Margalit (26 July 2018). "9. Silent Forced Migrations in Twenty-First-Century Jerusalem". In Tabea Linhard; Timothy H. Parsons (eds.). Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space. Springer International Publishing. p. 221-. ISBN   978-3-319-77955-3. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Daphna Golan-Agnon, Teaching Palestine on an Israeli University Campus:Unsettling Denial, Archived 10 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Anthern Press 2020 ISBN   978-1-785-27502-9 p.57.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yitzhak Reiter and Lior Lehrs (2010). "The Sheikh Jarrah Affair: The Strategic Implications of Jewish Settlement in an Arab Neighborhood in East Jerusalem" (PDF). The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. pp. 46–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Bacon, Tareq (14 May 2021). "Sheikh Jarrah and After". London Review of Books. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  18. ↑ Magid, Jacob (7 May 2021). "UN: Pending Israeli evictions in East Jerusalem could be a 'war crime'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Srivastava, Mehul (9 May 2021). "Israel delays East Jerusalem evictions after weekend of violence". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1899). Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874. Vol. I. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 267–270.
  21. ↑ Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome (2008). The Holy Land . Oxford Archaeological Guides. p.  157. ISBN   978-0-19-923666-4.
  22. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (8 May 2021). "Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021. Some now dispute the Jewish ownership of the property. They have produced their own Ottoman-era land titles that they say undermine claims of historic Jewish ownership on at least part of the land
  23. 1 2 Miskin, Maayana (2 August 2009). "High Court Evicts Arab Squatters in Jerusalem". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  24. ↑ Golan-Agnon 2020 p.57.
  25. ↑ Dispossession & eviction in Jerusalem :The cases and stories of Sheikh Jarrah (PDF) (Report). The Civic Coalition for Defending Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem. December 2009. A set of three independent contractual agreements defined the project's inception and underpinned the legal status of the families' residency in Sheikh Jarrah. The first agreement was between the Jordanian Custodian of Enemy Property and the Minister of Public Works and Housing through which the Custodian released the property to the Minister for a period of 33 years, allowing them to lease the land to the Palestinian refugees. In the second agreement, between the Minister for Public Works and Housing and UNRWA, the latter agreed to fund the construction of the homes in Sheikh Jarrah.The third and final agreement was between both the Minister of Public Works and UNRWA, and the 28 Palestinian families. The agreement stipulated that in exchange for nominal rental payments, adherence to various conditions, and the forfeiture of their refugee ration cards, the families would lease the homes for three years at which point they would then receive legal title to the property. After the indicated duration lapsed the families did not receive legal title to the homes despite having kept to the terms of the contract.
  26. ↑ "What is happening in occupied East Jerusalem's Sheikh Jarrah?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  27. 1 2 Krystall, Nathan (1998). "The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947–50". Journal of Palestine Studies . 27 (2): 5–22 [pp. 5, 12, 15, 17, 19]. doi:10.2307/2538281. JSTOR   2538281.
  28. ↑ Alan Balfour, The Walls of Jerusalem: Preserving the Past, Controlling the Future, p. 142
  29. ↑ Daphna Golan-Agnon, Teaching Palestine on an Israeli University Campus: Unsettling Denial, Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Anthem Press 2020 p. 57: "We were given two apartments and a store in Sheikh Bader in exchange for our assets in Sheikh Jarrah. We were not the only ones who were given alternative housing that had belonged to Arabs who had fled. All residents of the Sheeikh Jarrah/Shimon Hatzadik neighbourhood were given alternative housing in property abandoned by Arabs who fled to East Jerusalem (...) One could say with relative certainty that the number of properties abandoned in west Jerusalem was much higher than the number abandoned in east Jerusalem. They were also, in all likelihood, worth more then, and they certainly are today."
  30. ↑ Nir Hasson, "Former Attorney General Discovers Settler Group Took Over His Family’s Sheikh Jarrah Home", Haaretz , 15 June 2021
  31. 1 2 Ben-Hillel 2013, p. 89.
  32. ↑ "Jerusalem's Sheikh Jarrah: The land dispute in the eye of a storm". BBC News. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  33. ↑ https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PUB_sheikhjarrah_eng.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  34. 1 2 Elder, A. (27 July 2008). "U.S. protests eviction of Arab family from East Jerusalem home". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  35. 1 2 3 Hasson, Nir (19 March 2009). "Turkish documents prove Arabs own E. Jerusalem building". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  36. ↑ Levy, G. (27 December 2008). "Twilight Zone / Non-Jews need not apply". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  37. ↑ Cook, J. "Ottoman Archives Show Land Deeds Forged". Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  38. ↑ "Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post". fr.jpost.com.
  39. 1 2 Linah Alsaafin, 'What is happening in occupied East Jerusalem’s Sheikh Jarrah?,' Archived 13 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera, 1 May 2021.
  40. ↑ Yitzhak Reiter, Lior Lehrs, 'The Strategic Implications of Jewish Settlement in an Arab Neighborhood in East Jerusalem,' Archived 2 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 2010 pp.1–96 p.6
  41. ↑ Ostrovsky, Arsen (10 May 2021). "Sheikh Jarrah: A legal background". JNS.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  42. 1 2 Palestinians evicted in Jerusalem Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC News . 2 August 2009.
  43. ↑ 50 Palestinians evicted from Jerusalem homes Israeli police then allowed Jewish settlers to move into the houses NBC News . 2 August 2009.
  44. ↑ East Jerusalem evictions condemned Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera. Al-Jazeera and Agencies. 2 August 2009.
  45. ↑ "Palestinians, Israeli settlers scuffle in east Jerusalem". Associated Press. Jerusalem. 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  46. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (9 May 2021). "Israeli Court Delays Expulsion of Palestinian Families in East Jerusalem". The New York Times . Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  47. ↑ "Israeli court adjourns appeal against Sheikh Jarrah expulsions". www.aljazeera.com.
  48. ↑ Shira Rubin (2 August 2021). "Israeli Supreme Court offers Palestinians facing eviction a deal to avert another conflict". The Washington Post . Washington, D.C. ISSN   0190-8286. OCLC   1330888409.
  49. ↑ "Court pushes deal for Palestinians to stay in Sheikh Jarrah homes". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2 August 2021.
  50. ↑ Boxerman, Aaron. "Sheikh Jarrah Palestinians reject Supreme Court deal to stave off evictions". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  51. ↑ "Palestinian families 'should not be evicted' from Jerusalem". Middle East Monitor. 3 August 2021.
  52. ↑ "Department Press Briefing - August 2, 2021".
  53. ↑ "Sheikh Jarrah Evictions – Concerns Regarding Court's 'Compromise' Proposal". us20.campaign-archive.com.
  54. ↑ "Israel suspends Sheikh Jarrah evictions - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
  55. ↑ "Israel's Top Court Proposes Compromise to Prevent Sheikh Jarrah Eviction". Haaretz.
  56. ↑ "Palestinians reject offer to delay their Jerusalem eviction - The Washington Post". The Washington Post . 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021.
  57. ↑ "Palestinian Residents Reject Israeli Court's Compromise on Sheikh Jarrah Evictions". Haaretz. "Sheikh Jarrah residents in Jerusalem reject High Court compromise". 2 November 2021.
  58. ↑ "Sheikh Jarrah Family's Evacuation Delayed at Jerusalem Police Request". Haaretz.
  59. ↑ McCarthy, Kristin (7 January 2022). "Settlement & Annexation Report: January 7, 2022".
  60. ↑ "Israeli settlers fence off plot of land in Jerusalem neighborhood". WAFA Agency.
  61. ↑ "Impending Eviction of Salem Family from Sheikh Jarrah Slated for March". us20.campaign-archive.com.
  62. ↑ Tahhan, Zena Al. "Israeli settler, police violence before Sheikh Jarrah expulsion". www.aljazeera.com.
  63. ↑ "Israeli police scatter Palestinian protesters in Sheikh Jarrah". www.aljazeera.com.
  64. ↑ "UN delegation visits Salem family at risk of expulsion from Sheikh Jarrah". english.alaraby.co.uk/. 19 February 2022.
  65. ↑ "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory | Statement of the Humanitarian Country Team on the imminent eviction of the Salem Family in Sheikh Jarrah in East Jerusalem". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory. 18 February 2022.
  66. ↑ "Egypt, France, Germany and Jordan call out unilateral measures that undermine Two-State Solution". WAFA Agency.
  67. ↑ Boxerman, Aaron. "Jerusalem court freezes eviction of Palestinian family in Sheikh Jarrah". The Times of Israel.
  68. ↑ Muaddi, Qassam (1 November 2021). "Israel seizes Palestinian private property in Sheikh Jarrah".
  69. ↑ "EU Calls on Israel to Stop Home Demolitions After Sheikh Jarrah Eviction". Haaretz.
  70. ↑ "Diplomats slam Israel over attempts to expel Palestinian family from Sheikh Jarrah". english.alaraby.co.uk/. 18 January 2022.
  71. ↑ Tahhan, Zena Al. "'Revenge': Israel demolishes Palestinian home in Sheikh Jarrah". www.aljazeera.com.
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  73. ↑ "Israeli police evict Palestinian family from Sheikh Jarrah home". The Guardian. 19 January 2022.
  74. ↑ "Al-Aqsa mosque: Dozens hurt in Jerusalem clashes". BBC News. 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
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  82. ↑ Ben-Hillel 2013, p. 39,42.
  83. ↑ Ben-Hillel 2013, p. 40.
  84. ↑ "How Evictions in Jerusalem Led to Israeli-Palestinian Violence". Council on Foreign Relations. Israeli law permits Jews to reclaim property that they or their families owned in Jerusalem prior to the division of the city after Israel's establishment in 1948, provided that they can prove ownership of the land. For their part, Palestinians cannot claim rights to property they once owned in Jerusalem or other parts of Israel.
  85. ↑ Abu Toameh, Khaled (1 April 2009). "PA: Death Penalty for Those who Sell Land to Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  86. 1 2 Kingsley, Patrick (7 May 2021). "Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The New York Times . Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  87. ↑ Uri Blau, 'The money trail behind the Jerusalem eviction battle that sparked the latest Israeli-Palestinian violence, exposed,' Archived 25 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Forward 25 May 2021.

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