The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese cultural and anti-imperialist political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4,1919. Students gathered in front of Tiananmen to protest the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles decision to allow Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914. The demonstrations sparked nation-wide protests and spurred an upsurge in Chinese nationalism,a shift towards political mobilization away from cultural activities,and a move towards a populist base,away from traditional intellectual and political elites.
Baron Tanaka Giichi was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army,politician,cabinet minister,and the Prime Minister of Japan from 1927 to 1929.
The history of the Republic of China began in 1912 with the end of the Qing dynasty,when the Xinhai Revolution and the formation of the Republic of China put an end to 2,000 years of imperial rule. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese warlord who ruled Manchuria from 1916 to 1928. He led the Fengtian clique,one of the most important factions during China's Warlord Era. During the last year of his life,he briefly installed himself as President of the Republic of China.
The Beiyang Army,named after the Beiyang region,was a large,Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of Qing China's military system. The Beiyang Army played a major role in Chinese politics for at least three decades and arguably right up to 1949. It made the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 possible,and,by dividing into warlord factions known as the Beiyang Clique,ushered in a period of regional division.
The Tanggu Truce,sometimes called the Tangku Truce,was a ceasefire unequal treaty that was signed between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan in Tanggu,Tianjin,on May 31,1933. It formally ended the Japanese invasion of Manchuria,which had begun in 1931.
Wu Peifu was a Chinese warlord and major figure in the struggles between the warlords who dominated Republican China from 1916 to 1927.
The Beiyang government was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928,based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army,giving it its name.
The Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China is the ministry of the Republic of China (Taiwan) responsible for all defense and military affairs of Taiwan and surrounding area. The MND is headed by Minister Chiu Kuo-cheng.
The Northeastern Army,also known as the Fengtian Army,was a Chinese army that existed from 1911 to 1937. It was created by General Zhang Zuolin and his "Fengtian Clique",who controlled Northeastern China (Manchuria) during China's Warlord Era. The Northeastern Army participated in many of the Warlord Era's conflicts and by the mid-1920s had become the dominant force in north China. However,the Kuomintang defeated the Northeastern Army and Zhang's allies during the Northern Expedition. In 1928,Zhang Zuolin was assassinated and succeeded by his son Zhang Xueliang. Xueliang pledged loyalty to the Kuomintang,bringing almost all of China under the same national government for the first time since 1917.
The Anhui clique was a military and political organization,one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named after Anhui province because several of its generals–including its founder,Duan Qirui–were born in Anhui.
The Fengtian clique was the faction that supported warlord Zhang Zuolin during China's Warlord Era. It took its name from Fengtian Province,which served as its original base of support. However,the clique quickly came to control all of the Three Northeastern Provinces. The clique received support from Japan in exchange for protecting Japanese military and economic interests in Manchuria. The Fengtian Army frequently intervened in many of the conflicts of the Warlord Era.
The Zhili–Anhui War was a 1920 conflict in the Republic of China between the Zhili and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government.
The He-Umezu Agreement was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China that was concluded on 10 June 1935,two years prior to the outbreak of general hostilities during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration,also known as Zhang Xun Restoration,or Xuantong Restoration,was an attempt to restore the Chinese monarchy by General Zhang Xun,whose army seized Beijing and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the Qing dynasty,Puyi,to the throne. The restoration lasted just less than two weeks,from July 1,1917 to July 12,1917,and was quickly reversed by Republican troops. Despite the uprising's popular name,almost all putschists were ethnic Han.
The Nishihara Loans were a series of loans made by the Japanese government under the administration of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake to the Anhui clique warlord Duan Qirui from January 1917 to September 1918 to persuade him to favor Japanese interests in China. They were named after Nishihara Kamezō,Masatake's secretary.
The Shandong Problem or Shandong Question was a dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919,which dealt with the concession of the Shandong Peninsula. It was resolved in China's favor in 1922.
The Japan–Manchukuo Protocol was signed on 15 September 1932,between Japan and the state of Manchukuo. The Treaty confirmed the recognition by Japan of the Manchukuo state,following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931,and the establishment of a Manchurian state on 1 March 1932. The treaty also defined a mutual defence agreement,allowing Japanese troops to station in Manchukuo,and thereby effectively occupy the country.
Duan Qirui was a Chinese warlord,politician and commander of the Beiyang Army who ruled as the effective dictator of northern China in the late 1910s. He was the Premier of the Republic of China on four occasions between 1913 and 1918,and from 1924 to 1926 he served as acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China in Beijing.
The Japan–Russia Secret Agreements were a series of four secret treaties signed between Empire of Japan and Russian Empire after the Russo-Japanese War,in order to secure and recognize the rights of both sides in areas of the East Asia,specifically the Korean Peninsula,Manchuria,and Mongolia. They were signed four times between 30 July 1907 and around 3 July 1916,and were abrogated by the Soviet government after the Russian Revolution in 1917.
