The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Korea and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.(June 2024) |
Hwangap | |||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||
Chinese | 甲子 | ||||||||||
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Korean name | |||||||||||
Hangul | 환갑 | ||||||||||
Hanja | 還甲 | ||||||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||||||
Kanji | 還暦 | ||||||||||
Kana | かんれき | ||||||||||
Kyūjitai | 還曆 | ||||||||||
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In the Sinosphere,one's sixtieth birthday has traditionally held special significance. Especially when life expectencies were shorter,the sixtieth birthday was seen as a symbolic threshold for reaching old age and having lived a full life. This birthday is known as jiazi in Chinese,kanreki in Japanese,and hwangap in Korean.
The traditional lunisolar calendars in the Sinosphere (Chinese calendar,Japanese calendar,Korean calendar) observe sexagenary cycles:cycles of sixty years.[ citation needed ] Thus,living sixty years had special significance as one completed a full cycle. Some saw it as the start of a second lifetime, [1] [2] and thus as an opportunity to give up some responsibility and return to enjoying life as children do. [2]
In Korea,the sixtieth birthday is known as hwangap,hoegap (회갑;回甲),jugap (주갑;周甲),gapnyeon (갑년;甲年),or hwallyeok (환력;還曆). [3] The sixtieth birthday is according to one's age per the international reckoning and not by Korean age. [4] [3] In other words,one's Korean age will actually be 61 at the time of the hwangap. [3]
The date of the ceremony was not always on the actual birthday. This was for superstitious reasons:the ceremony date would be chosen to avoid inauspicious days. It was also considered bad luck to hold a ceremony after the actual birthday,and thus people would only hold it before. [3]
The ceremony is traditionally a major affair,with descendants inviting the extended family for an event that can sometimes last multiple days,for wealthier families. Ceremonies can also be arranged by subordinates for superiors,for example students for teachers or disciples for religious leaders. The ceremony is seen as an expression of filial piety. Costs for the ceremony are typically covered by the descendants or subordinates. [3] [5]
Traditionally ceremonies were held at the home. [3] [5] Preparations for the ceremony would begin days in advance,and involve the brewing of alcohol,preparation of foods and snacks,and preparation of facilities for guests. Neighbors and relatives would come to assist in this process. Early on the morning of the hwangap,the celebrated person would pay their respects to their ancestral shrine. [3]
Breakfast would be served in the anbang or daecheong (open area of house). The honored person and their spouse,dressed in their finest clothes,would be prominently seated in front of a byeongpung (folding screen) and behind a large table such as a gyojasang (교자상;交子床). Food offerings are to be grander than usual,with a mandatory serving of miyeok-guk . Also on the table are foods piled high in decorative fashion (typically in cylinders),such as chestnuts,jujubes,snacks, yakgwa ,persimmons,and more. Other decorations would also be placed on the table,taking the shapes of flowers,dragons,turtles,or cranes. Also present is a typically separate table of ceremonial alcohol and cups (헌주상;獻酒床;heonjusang). Traditional music,sometimes performed by kisaeng ,would also be performed during the event. [3] Guests would arrive,bringing gifts of clothing,alcohol,fruit,and rice. [1] [5]
Before breakfast is eaten,the eldest son and his spouse would approach the table,bow deeply,raise glasses of ceremonial alcohol,then bow deeply again. Afterwards,in descending order by age,younger siblings would follow suit and pay tribute to the honored person. They are then followed by extended family and other peoples. [3] [5] In cases where the parents of the honored person are alive,they too can participate in paying their respects,sometimes symbolically and/or jokingly wearing brightly-colored clothing typical of children. [3] [5]
Afterwards,breakfast is then consumed either in that room or in a separate area. Often strangers and passersby are invited to join;it is traditionally considered a sign of virtue and social status to have many guests at one's hwangap. [3] Speeches are given about the person's life. [6] Various traditional performances and games can take place during the hwangap. If the person and their guests were well-educated,poetry could be composed and read during the hwangap. [3]
The year after the hwangap,another smaller ceremony called a jingap (진갑;進甲) can also be held. [3] This is not as large as the hwangap,but also larger than a typical birthday celebration. Afterwards,there are a number of other possible (albeit rarer) celebrations until the end of one's life:the 60th wedding anniversary can be celebrated,there is a 70th birthday ceremony (고희;古稀;gohui),a 77th birthday (희수;喜壽;huisu),and 88th birthday (미수;米壽;misu). [3] [1] These later birthdays are of similar scale to the jingap. [3]
With increasing life expectancies,the hwangap celebration has been given a lesser significance than before. [7] [8] Some parents reportedly do not expect to receive a ceremony at all,and instead weigh later ceremonies,such as the gohui,higher. [8] : 53, 158 [2] This is also possibly impacted by the falling numbers of elderly people who live with their children. [8] : 158 Larger ceremonies are possibly more typical in rural areas than they are in urban. [9]
In some instances,only close family members get together to have a big meal. [7] Some rent out spaces in banquet halls or restaurants. [2] [1] [6] Some hold separate events for closer family and guests. [10]
With changing religious practices in Korea,the ceremony has become secularized or Christianized. [11] Some Christian families choose to deemphasize the aspects of the hwangap that involved ancestor worship. [10] In one instance described in a 1991 paper,a family's hwangap involved a Catholic sermon and the taking of communion. [6]
The ceremony has been observed by members of the Korean diaspora. [12] [9] The ceremony was the subject of a 2009 play called "American Hwangap" by a Korean-American playwright. [13] [14]
A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding, hence the name reception: the couple receive society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple. Hosts provide their choice of food and drink, although a wedding cake is popular.
Coming of age is a young person's transition from being a child to being an adult. The specific age at which this transition takes place varies between societies, as does the nature of the change. It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event.
A birthday cake is a cake eaten as part of a birthday celebration. While there is no standard for birthday cakes, they are typically highly decorated layer cakes covered in frosting, often featuring birthday wishes and the celebrant's name. In many cultures, it is also customary to serve the birthday cake with small lit candles on top, especially in the case of a child's birthday. Variations include cupcakes, cake pops, pastries, and tarts.
The sexagenary cycle, also known as the stems-and-branches or ganzhi, is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus a total of sixty years for one cycle, historically used for recording time in China and the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere and Southeast Asia. It appears as a means of recording days in the first Chinese written texts, the Shang oracle bones of the late second millennium BC. Its use to record years began around the middle of the 3rd century BC. The cycle and its variations have been an important part of the traditional calendrical systems in Chinese-influenced Asian states and territories, particularly those of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, with the old Chinese system still in use in Taiwan, and in Mainland China. In India, the Dai-Ahom also used the sexagenary cycle known as Lak-Ni.
In Christianity, a name day is a tradition in many countries of Europe and the Americas, among other parts of Christendom. It consists of celebrating a day of the year that is associated with one's baptismal name, which is normatively that of a biblical character or other saint. Where they are popular, individuals celebrate both their name day and their birthday in a given year.
Buddha's Birthday or Buddha Day is a primarily Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of South, Southeast and East Asia, commemorating the birth of the prince Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Gautama Buddha and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition and archaeologists, Gautama Buddha, c. 563-483 BCE, was born at Lumbini in Nepal. Buddha's mother was Queen Maya Devi, who delivered the Buddha while undertaking a journey to her native home, and his father was King Śuddhodana. The Mayadevi Temple, its gardens, and an Ashoka Pillar dating from 249 BCE mark the Buddha's birth place at Lumbini.
Traditional East Asian age reckoning covers a group of related methods for reckoning human ages practiced in the East Asian cultural sphere, where age is the number of calendar years in which a person has been alive; it starts at 1 at birth and increases at each New Year. Ages calculated this way are always 1 or 2 years greater than ages that start with 0 at birth and increase at each birthday. Historical records from China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam have usually been based on these methods, whose specific details have varied over time and by place. South Korea officially stopped using the older system on June 28, 2023. Informal use is still widespread in the Republic and People's Republic of China, North and South Korea, Singapore, and the overseas Chinese and Korean diasporas.
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Dasik is a bite-size hangwa that is normally accompanied by tea. It can be made by kneading grain or other edible seed flour or pollen with honey, then pressing them into a decorative mould called dasikpan (다식판). A dasik plate usually consists of an assortment of dasik of different colours, including green, yellow, pink, black, and white. Typical ingredients include: rice flour, pine pollen, black sesame, chestnut, and soybean.
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